ditional election, and from Calvinism proper in asserting the universality of the atonement, and that man's will is moved by God only morally, or by the knowledge which he infuses, and which influences the judgment of the mind.—J. B.
CAMERON, Richard, one of those firm and faithful presbyterians who resisted the attempt to impose prelacy on Scotland in the seventeenth century. He was born at Falkland in Fife, taught for some time a public school there, and was afterwards private tutor and chaplain in the family of Sir William Scott of Harden, whose lady was a nonconformist. He was prevailed on by Welsh, grandson of John Knox, to accept of license to preach, and exercised his gifts in different quarters, but chiefly in Annandale, Ayrshire, and Galloway. Cameron refused the indulgence offered by Charles, because of the erastian and galling conditions with which it was clogged, of its tendency to betray the covenanting interests, and of its contrariety to the grand principles of presbyterianism. When called to account for the freedom of his strictures on this measure, he came under a promise of silence, which on mature consideration he found himself bound in conscience to recall. Having in this way lost his situation in the family of Sir William Scott, he went to Rotterdam, where he preached to certain persecuted exiles; and, after having been ordained by Messrs. M'Ward, Brown, and Roleman, he returned to Scotland in 1680. He was concerned, along with Cargill, Douglas, and others, in what was called the Sanquhar Declaration, in which they renounced the authority of Charles—a deed which may be censured as rash and premature, but which has this to be said for it, that it proceeded on the very same principles on which the whole nation, a short time afterwards, expelled Charles' successor from the kingdom. A price having been set on their heads, Cameron and his friends were obliged to betake to the fields, and defend themselves by arms. They were surprised at Airsmoss, a wild morass in the parish of Auchinleck, by a troop of dragoons under Bruce of Earlshall; but, after a gallant resistance, which even their enemies could not help applauding, they were overpowered, and several of them killed on the spot, amongst whom was Richard Cameron. His head and hands were cut off, and carried with heartless cruelty to his father, from whom the sight only drew an expression of pious resignation to the will of God. His death gave rise to many touching displays of sympathy and regret, and a monument still marks the spot where Cameron fell. It is from this individual that the Reformed Presbyterians of the present day derive the vulgar sobriquet of Cameronians.—(See Scots Worthies; Wodrow's History; Walker's Biographia Presbyteriana; and Life of R. Cameron, by G. M. Bell.)—W. S.
CAMERON, William, a Scottish poet, born in 1751; died in 1811. He became minister of Kirk-Newton in the county of Midlothian in 1785. In 1790 he published a volume of poems, and about the same time assisted in preparing the collection of paraphrases which, sanctioned by the general assembly, are still used in public worship in the Scottish church. He is the author of the 14th, 17th, and 66th paraphrases, and of portions of the 32d, 40th and 49th.—C. R.
CAMERS, John, a Franciscan monk and celebrated Greek scholar, was born at Camerino in 1448. He was professor of philosophy at Padua, and afterwards taught theology at Vienna. He did much toward the restoration of Greek learning, which had declined after Constantinople was taken by the Turks. He edited many of the classic authors, such as Claudian, Florus, Justin, and Lucian, and died either in 1546 or 1556.—J. B.
CAMILLA, sister of the three Horatii, who fought the three Albans or Curiatii, a combat famous in early Roman history. Camilla was betrothed to one of the Curiatii, and when the only surviving Horatius returned home, his sister reproached him with the murder of her lover, upon which the victor, mad with passion, killed her.
CAMILLUS, Lucius Furius, grandson of Marcus Furius Camillus, was appointed consul, b.c. 338. He commanded the Roman army in the Latin war, and after capturing Tibur (Tivoli) reduced the whole Latin country to subjection. He was again chosen consul in 325.
CAMILLUS, Marcus Furius, a Roman general of celebrity, called, for his distinguished services to his country, the second founder of Rome. After holding several important offices in the state, the duties of which he uniformly discharged with the greatest fidelity, Camillus was appointed dictator in the tenth year of the siege of Veii, and took the command of the troops which were besieging that city. His energetic measures soon resulted in the capture of the town, and he returned to Rome laden-with spoil; but having incurred the hatred of the people by his opposition to a proposal which contemplated the establishment in Veii of part of the population of Rome, he found it necessary to retire for a time into exile. He reappeared when the city of Rome was in the hands of the Gauls under Brennus, and putting himself at the head of an army, succeeded in ridding the country of the barbarians. He afterwards lived at Rome, enjoying the highest offices of the state, till his death, b.c. 365.—W. M.
CAMINATZIN or CACUMAZIN, king of Tezcuco, was nephew of Montezuma, emperor of Mexico. He formed the design of freeing his country from the Spanish yoke, and was taking measures for the expulsion of Cortes and his associates, when he was treacherously seized by the emissaries of his uncle, and delivered up to the Spaniards, who put him into prison. He was liberated, however, by some Mexican insurgents, and is believed to have perished at the siege of Mexico in 1521.—J. T.
CAMINHA, Pedro de Andrade, a Portuguese poet, one of that school which immediately preceded the era of Camoens. He was camareiro (gentleman of the chamber) at the court of the Infante Dom Duarte, brother to King John III., and died in 1595. He wrote eclogues, epistles, elegies, and a host of epigrams, of which nineteen are "to an ugly face!" "In these," says Sismondi, "as in the rest of his works, we have the labours of the critic and the man of taste endeavouring to supply the want of genius and inspiration." The works of Caminha have been republished by the Portuguese Royal Society.—F. M. W.
CAMINHA, Pedro Vaz de, a Portuguese traveller. Caminha, who had formerly filled a situation at Calicut, sailed in the first expedition that touched the shores of Brazil. He wrote a letter to Emmanuel (it was not published till the present century), in which he felicitously records his first impressions of the new country. It is thought he perished in a Mahometan affray at Calicut.
CAMO, Pierre, a native of Toulouse, who cultivated poetry, and was one of the seven troubadours of Toulouse, as a group of poets called themselves. In 1324 they announced a kind of tournament, in which poets were to contend for the prize of a golden violet; and they proposed to hold, at the same time, something in imitation of the comitia of a university, in which they were to confer degrees in what was styled the "gaie science." Sismondi, in his Literature of the South, gives some account of these fantastic amusements.—J. A., D.
CAMOENS, Luiz de, the only Portuguese poet who has acquired a European reputation. The time and place of his birth are matters of dispute; the balance of evidence, however, appears to be in favour of his having been born at Lisbon in 1524. The poet's family had been distinguished for several generations in different departments of the public service: his father, Simon Vas de Camoens, being shipwrecked on the coast of Goa, settled and died there soon after the birth of his son. At the age of twelve or thirteen, Luiz was sent to the university of Coimbra, where he could not fail to be influenced by the reviving taste for classical literature. Some amatory verses still extant are supposed to have been written at this period. At the age of twenty Camoens returned to Lisbon, and led the ordinary life of a courtier. Here it was that he conceived a passion which, proving even more unfortunate than the attachments of poets in general, influenced greatly the whole course of his life. The friends of the lady, on whom the affections of the poet were bestowed, Catarina de Atayde, the daughter of one of the favourites of John III., procured on some plea or other his banishment from Lisbon for two years. The place of his retreat was Santarem, and to this period of enforced leisure we may attribute three of his comedies—"El Rey Seleuco;" "Filodemo;" and the "Amphitrioes;" likewise some sonnets, and, possibly, the first conception of the "Lusiad." But a longing for active life seems to have possessed him, and he returned to Lisbon in 1549. It would appear that before long he again found it necessary to leave the capital, for we find him embarking in the expedition which was despatched about this time against the Moors of Ceuta, under Antonio de Noronha—a firm friend throughout all his subsequent life, to whom several of his poems are addressed. In this expedition Camoens earned no little distinction. He lost his right eye in an engagement in the Straits of Gibraltar. His sonnet commencing "Brandas agoas
