family, and was early sent to court, where he obtained some distinction, and filled several offices in the finance department; but died in disgrace, 8th September, 1704. Most of his works were posthumous; his plays and comic poems being published in 1722, and some lyric poems in 1729. The most noted of his pieces, perhaps, is "The Slave in Golden Fetters," founded on a scene supposed to be taken from the life of Trajan. He introduced the zarzuela, a kind of musical drama, which may be considered the precursor of the modern opera.
CANDIANO I., Pietro, doge of Venice, was killed in a naval fight in 887.
CANDIANO II., Pietro, doge of Venice, son of Candiano I., was elected in 932; died in 939.
CANDIANO III., Pietro, doge of Venice, son of Candiano II.; elected in 942. His rule was saddened by the revolt of his son, who was associated with him in the government. A celebrated event occurred during his magistracy. Marriages amongst the Venetian nobles took place only on one day of the year, and in the same church. On that particular day the pirates of Istria once burst suddenly into the church and carried off the brides. Not one of the ravishers, who were immediately pursued, escaped the vengeance of the lovers. The rescued brides were brought back in triumph to the altar.
CANDIANO IV., Pietro, doge of Venice. The services of his ancestors procured his election in 959. For a while he ruled well; but after his second marriage, which brought him immense wealth, he became tyrannical, and in an insurrection which his excessive rigour had provoked his palace was burned, and he fell a prey to the flames.
CANDIANO V., Vitale, doge of Venice, and brother of Candiano IV., died in 979, after governing fourteen months.
* CANDLISH, Robert Smith, D.D., one of the leading divines of the Free Church of Scotland, was born at Glasgow. He was educated at the university of his native city, and licensed as a preacher in connection with the established church of Scotland. After being for some time an assistant in St. Andrew's church, Glasgow, and in the parish of Bonhill in the Vale of Leven, he was in 1834 settled as minister of the parish of Sprouston, whence he removed to the pastorate of St. George's, Edinburgh. He soon threw himself with heart and soul into the agitation for ecclesiastical reform, and became one of the most prominent leaders of the movement which resulted in the Disruption of 1843, and the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Dr. Candlish has, since the death of Chalmers, been the acknowledged leader of the Free Church, and it is in no small degree owing to his untiring activity that so much has been achieved by it for the cause of religion and education. He is thoroughly at home in the region of ecclesiastical politics, and his power as a debater in church courts is well-nigh unrivalled. As a preacher he is distinguished mainly for this, that with little imagination or pictorial power, he is yet able to enchain the large audiences which his fame everywhere collects, by the clear and earnest exposition of that system of doctrine which he believes to be taught in scripture. He is a firm adherent of the old formulas of Scottish theology, which he is at all times ready to defend with a fire and polemical zeal peculiarly his own. While Dr. Candlish's position as a writer is not equal to his reputation as a preacher or debater, his works hold a respectable place in the theological literature of Scotland. The chief of them are a treatise on "The Atonement;" "Contributions to the Exposition of the Book of Genesis;" "An Examination of Mr. Maurice's Theological Essays;" and "Life in a Risen Saviour."—J. B.
CANDOLLE. See De Candolle.
CANDORIER, Jean, the mayor of Rochelle, who in 1372 dislodged the English garrison from the citadel of that town by an ingenious stratagem. When Mancel, the English commander, was his guest, he showed him what purported to be an order from Edward III. to review the troops before the citizens. Seeing the royal seal, and being unable to read the document, Mancel led out his troops. They were at once overpowered by an ambuscade, and compelled to surrender.—J. B.
CANETTA, Don Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis de, was in 1537 sent as viceroy to Peru. His strong hand restored tranquillity to that distracted country, and completely ruined the cause of the incas. His next undertaking—an expedition to explore the vast regions of the Amazon—miscarried through mutiny. His enemies at last procured his recall. He died in 1560.
CANEVARI, Demetrio, an Italian physician, was born at Genoa in 1559, and died at Rome in 1625. He prosecuted his studies at the latter city, and was distinguished for his knowledge of languages, and his taste for belles-lettres, as well as for medicine. He was physician to Pope Urban VII. He soon realized a large fortune. Among his works are the following—"Commentary on Lignum Sanctum," published at Rome in 1602; "Medical Art;" a general treatise on diseases; and a commentary on reproduction.—J. H. B.
CANGA-ARGUELLES, don José, was born in 1770; died in 1843. Having taken an active part in the Revolution, he was deputed to the cortes of 1812, in which he advocated constitutional principles. Ferdinand in 1814 first exiled and then recalled him. On the restoration of the constitution of 1812 in 1820, he became minister of finance; and on its overthrow in 1823, took refuge in England. After his return he wrote a history of Spain.
CANINA, Luigi, Chevalier, a celebrated Italian architect and archæologist, born at Casal in 1793. His first considerable publication, "L'Architettura antica descritta e demonstrata coi monumenti," the fruit of long and toilsome researches at Rome, appeared about 1830, and was followed by a valuable topographical plan of the ancient city. Having been appointed to continue the excavations commenced at Tusculum in 1840, he collected the materials for his valuable "Descrizione dell' antico Tusculo," which, with the description of the ancient city of Veii, where he was also for some time officially engaged in archæological research, won him honours from most of the learned societies of Europe. He also published a work on architecture, particularly the christian style; one on maritime Etruria, and one on "The Buildings of Rome." Canina died in 1856.—(Vaperau, Dict. des Contemp.)
CANINO. See Bonaparte.
CANISIUS or CANNIUS, Nicholas, a learned Dutchman, whom Erasmus employed to aid him in his literary labours, chiefly in making translations from the Greek. He died in 1555.
CANISIUS, Peter, an eloquent jesuit, born in 1521; died in 1597: famous for his zeal against the reformers. He was prominent at the council of Trent, was papal nuncio at the court of Austria, and wrote a "Summa Doctrinæ Christianæ," which has been often translated.
CANITZ, Friedrich Rudolf Ludwig Freiherr von, a German poet, was born at Berlin in 1654, and died in 1699. He held several high posts of trust and honour in the court of Berlin, and in 1698 was ambassador of the elector to the Hague. He wrote satirical and other poems. His "Poetical Recreations" went through fourteen editions.—K. E.
CANIZARES, José de, one of those Spanish dramatists who, immediately succeeding the school of Lope de Vega, led the way for that close imitation of the French style which has almost destroyed the distinctive character of Spanish literature. He was born at Madrid in 1676, and died in 1750. He is said to have written plays at fourteen years of age. Of the dramatic pieces—nearly eighty in number—which he wrote, many have perished, but probably literature has sustained no great loss thereby. The most successful of his works are those descriptive of character and the social life of his day, such as "Domine Lucas" and the "Mountaineer at Court," in which he satirizes the poor decayed nobility of the court of Madrid as it was in his day; and "The Famous Kitchen Wench," founded on the story of Cervantes.—F. W. M.
CANNABICH, Johann Günther Friedrich, a German writer on geography, was born at Sondershausen in 1777, and, having studied for the church, became minister of some villages in its vicinity. He wrote a great number of popular and instructive works on geography and statistics, some of which have gone through seventeen editions—K. E.
CANNE, John, preacher to the congregation of English Brownists at Amsterdam, whither he fled after the Restoration. He was author of an edition of the bible, with parallel passages, Amsterdam, 1664, and Edinburgh, 1727.
CANNICE, an Irish ecclesiastic who lived in the sixteenth century, and was distinguished for piety and learning. He founded several monasteries, and has left some writings, especially a life of St. Columbkill. He died in 1600.—J. F. W.
CANNING, George, British statesman and orator. Canning so thoroughly lived in the conduct of public affairs, that the loftiest part of the character of the man is most clearly revealed
