signally victorious over the royal troops. In 1828 the mountaineers of Cilento, headed by the Capozzoli, defeated the royal troops at Palinuro; but not being seconded they were obliged to retire into their mountains. The king despatched against them the notorious and ferocious Del Carretto, chief of the police, supported by a large body of soldiers, who perpetrated atrocious cruelties on their way, and reduced whole villages to ashes. The brothers Capozzoli succeeded in evading the pursuit of the royal forces, but De Luca and many others were captured at Bosco after a vigorous resistance. The brothers Capozzoli, with another of the leaders of the insurrection, named Galotti, after incredible hardships succeeded in escaping in a small boat; and after many days of semistarvation at sea they landed near Leghorn, and fled into the mountains. A Neapolitan police-agent discovered their retreat, and passing himself off as a brother patriot, succeeded in persuading them to return to Cilento. On their arrival they were invited to dinner by a pretended friend, and during the meal the house was surrounded by the royal troops. The brothers defended themselves with extraordinary courage and obstinacy, but were at length overpowered by numbers. They were carried in chains to Salerno, and beheaded on the 17th June, 1829. They died as bravely as they had lived, their last words being a prayer for their unhappy country.—E. A. H.
CAPPE, Newcome, a Socinian preacher and writer of some note, was born in Leeds, February 21, 1732-33. Having been educated at Kilworth under Dr. Aikin, at Northampton under Dr. Doddridge, and subsequently at Glasgow university, he became pastor of the dissenting church of St. Saviour-Gate, York, where he was forty years distinguished as an eloquent preacher. He died in 1800. Of Mr. Cappe's works we mention—"A Selection of Psalms for Social Worship;" "Discourses on the Providence and Government of God;" "Critical Remarks on many Important Passages of Scripture," &c.; "Remarks in Vindication of Dr. Priestley," &c.—J. B.
CAPELLARI See Gregory XVI.
CAPPELLE, Jan Vander, a Dutch artist, born about 1635. He painted marine pieces and river views in the manner of Vandevelde.—W. T.
CAPPELER, Maurice Antoine, a Swiss physician and naturalist, born at Lucerne in 1685; died in 1769. In the early part of his life he practised as physician in the imperial army. On his retirement to his native place, while following his profession, he devoted his attention to scientific subjects, particularly crystallography. In 1730 he was admitted a member of the Royal Society of London. He wrote a number of papers, chiefly scientific; one on crystallography appeared in the Philosophical Transactions. A complete work in German on the same subject was left at his death in MS., but has not been published.—J. B., G.
CAPPELLO, Bernardo, an Italian poet, born of a patrician family at Venice; died in 1565. While a student at Padua, he formed an intimacy with the celebrated Bembo, who gave him lessons in poetry, and, somewhat later, was in the habit of submitting to his critical judgment those historical and poetical works which have made the fame of the cardinal. He became a member of the Venetian senate, and disturbed that assembly by a style of oratory so vehement and caustic, that he incurred sentence of banishment. Protected by Cardinal Alexander Farnese, he passed his later years in the papal states, where he held several lucrative offices. His canzoniere have been warmly eulogized by Tiraboschi and Crescimbeni.—A. C. M.
CAPPER, James, a British officer and traveller, who attained the rank of colonel in the East India Company's service, and was subsequently appointed comptroller-general, and intrusted with the charge of the fortifications on the coast of Coromandel. On his return from a visit to England in 1778, he traversed the Arabian desert, and passed down the right bank of the Euphrates to Bassora. He embodied the results of his observations during this journey in a quarto volume, with plates and maps, which he published in London in 1782, with the title of "Observations on the Journey from England to India by Egypt, &c." He died in 1825.—J. T.
CAPPERONIER, Claude, born at Montdidier, May, 1671. Son of a tanner, he contrived to teach himself Latin, and by his ardent love of learning attracted the attention of his uncle, a monk of the Benedictine order, who had the lad sent to the college of Montdidier. He received orders in 1698, and, becoming a teacher of Greek, had the good fortune to give lessons to the illustrious Bossuet, the year of the latter's death, 1704. In 1722 he was appointed Greek professor in the college of France, where he assisted in preparing new editions of the classics. Besides his translated works, he entered the field of controversy with Voltaire on the subject of the merits of Sophocles, whose name that irreverent wit had not spared. He died in Paris, 24th July, 1744.—J. F. C.
CAPPERONIER, Jean, nephew of Claude, was born at Montdidier, March, 1716. As Claude owed his good fortune to his uncle the Benedictine, so he in turn helped his own nephew, Jean, whom he brought to Paris to share his labours. On Claude's death, Jean succeeded to his chair of Greek professor, and in 1759 was made conservator of the royal library. He died 30th May, 1775.—J. F. C.
CAPPONI, a Florentine family holding high office in the republic. Gino was one of its earliest magistrates, and wrote an account of the revolution in 1378, of which he was an eyewitness. His son Neri gained a brilliant victory at Anghieri in 1440. But the most famous of the family was Pietro, Gino's grandson. Charles VIII. of France having been allowed to pass through Florence on his way to Naples, laid claim on that account to the sovereignty of the city, and caused his secretary to read before the magistrates a document setting forth his pretensions. Pietro Capponi stepped forward and tore the paper, saying—"Before we condescend to such dishonourable conditions, you may order your trumpets to sound, and we shall ring our bells." He then left the room, followed by his brother magistrates. The king was daunted by his boldness, recalled him, and signed a treaty preserving the liberties of the republic. Died in 1496.—J. B.
CAPRA, Baldassare, was born at Milan, where he afterwards practised medicine. He applied himself to philosophy and astronomy, and claimed the invention of Galileo's proportional compass. Capra attacked the great astronomer in a work entitled "Considerazione astronomica sopra la nuova stella del 1604."
CAPRANICA, Domenico, an Italian cardinal, born in 1400. He became legate to the Marca d'Ancona, and leader of the army which defended that province against Francis Sforza. He afterwards put an end to the quarrel between the church and Alphonso of Naples, and died in 1458, having won the repute of great learning. He founded a college for the maintenance of students, which still bears his name. He wrote "Italica constituenda, ad Alfonsum regem;" "De Actione belli contra Turcos gerendi;" and "De contemptu mundi;"—the last a famous work, of which there are editions in most European languages.
CAPRARA, Giovanni Battista, an Italian prelate, born in 1733. While still a young man, Caprara was sent as nuncio to Cologne, Lucerne, and Vienna. It was he who crowned Napoleon king of Italy. He died in Paris, an infirm and blind old man, in 1810.
CARA-KOOSH, a name meaning an eagle, borne by Bahaeddeen, whom Saladin made governor of Cairo. He was among the defenders of Acre, was taken prisoner at its fall in 1191, but released the following year, and reinstated in his government in Egypt. He died in 1193.—J. B.
CARA-MUSTAPHA, a Turkish officer under Mohammed IV., born at Merzisour in 1634; died at Belgrade, 26th December, 1683. In 1661, through the friendly influence of Kupruli-Mohammed, the grand vizier, he was appointed grand equerry, and in 1676 he was raised to the rank of grand vizier. In this capacity he became odious for his pride, avarice, and cruelty, and extorted for his own aggrandizement enormous sums from the provinces subject to the Porte. At last his insatiable desire of wealth proved his ruin. At the siege of Vienna in 1683, being anxious to appropriate to himself the vast treasures which he believed were to be found in that capital, he was unwilling to abandon it to the pillage of the Turkish soldiery, and accordingly obstinately refused to give orders for the assault. In the meantime, Sobieski arrived to the succour of the city, and completely routed the Ottoman army. For this crime Cara-Mustapha was arrested by order of the grand signior, and put to death.—G. M.
CARA-YAZIDJI-ABDUL-HALIM, a Turkish soldier of fortune, died in 1602. A rebellion having broken out against the government of Mohammed III., Cara-Yazidji placed himself at the head of the insurgents, defeated the Ottoman army sent against him, and assumed the state of a sovereign with the title of Halim-Chah (Always Victorious). He was, however, defeated in turn, and sought refuge in the mountains of Djamik, where he died.—His brother, Deli-Hussein, succeeded him as head of the
