main branch of the house of Savoy in 1831, in the person of Charles Felix.—J. T.
CARILLO D'ACUNHA, Alfonso, a Portuguese of the fifteenth century, who became known in Spanish history. In 1446 he became archbishop of Toledo, and rose to be minister of state to Henry IV., king of Castile, against whom he led a band of rebels, who, though defeated, and condemned by the pope, at length succeeded in compelling Henry to sign a treaty, declaring his daughter Jane illegitimate, and the celebrated Isabella, his sister, heiress to the throne. He afterwards deserted the interest of Isabella, and became the champion of the princess against whom he had before intrigued; but he failed, and was compelled to retire into a convent at Alcala, where he died in 1482.—J. B.
CARINUS, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman emperor, associated with his father Carus in the government a.d. 283, and raised to the throne conjointly with his brother Numerianus in the following year, was assassinated by his own officers at the battle of Margum, 285. He was one of the most cruel and profligate of the Roman emperors.
CARISSIMI, Giacomo, a musician, was born at Padua (some say at Venice) about 1582, and died, most likely at Rome, about 1672. In 1649, according to the statement of Kircher, who was his intimate friend, Carissimi held the office of mæstro di capella at the church of S. Apollinari in the German college at Rome. Further than this nothing is known of his personal history. There is no valid ground for the assertion that he lived and wrote for some years at Paris, and Baini's valuable account of the pontifical chapel disproves the statement that Carissimi was once a member of that establishment. He lived to the advanced age of ninety, was greatly honoured by his contemporaries, and died in affluence. This composer importantly aided the progress of music by his development of recitative, which was originated in his own time by Caccini; but though Peri, Monteverdi, and Cavaliere, also wrote in this form before Carissimi, his is the merit of having first brought it to maturity. He, too, was the first who wrote cantatas on sacred subjects. This style of composition, an alternation of recitative and rhythmical melody, had already been employed for secular subjects by Barbara Strozze, but the merit of his productions established it in general esteem. He was one of the earliest who wrote for string instruments in ecclesiastical music, showing thus, in all he did, a tendency to break through the trammels of the old Roman school; and though little of his music is now known, his influence upon art is still in operation. The imperial library at Paris contains MSS. of many oratorios by Carissimi, one of which, "Jephtha," is esteemed his masterpiece. There are also a large number of motets, and some comic pieces of considerable humour. A series of twenty-two of his cantatas was published in London at the beginning of the last century; there are some works in MS. by him in the British museum; the most extensive collection of his music, however, is that presented by Dean Aldrich to the Christ Church library at Oxford, who also adapted several pieces of this master, as anthems, to English words. The most accessible specimen of his talent is "Perorate, filiæ Israel," a chorus in his "Jephtha," which Handel appropriated to the words "Hear, Jacob's God," in the oratorio of Samson. Carissimi bequeathed his flowing unlaboured style to his. pupils, the most distinguished of whom were Bassani, M. A. Bononcini, Cesti, and A. Scarlatti.—G. A. M.
CARL, Johann Samuel, German physician and naturalist, born at Œhringen, principality of Hohenlohe, in 1676. He studied at Halle in Saxony under Hoffman and Stahl. He filled several important public situations, and finally was appointed first physician to Christian VI. of Denmark. His works are numerous, and on various medical and scientific subjects. He was the first to notice that fossil bones do not yield a volatile alkali by distillation, as recent bones are found to do. His medical works are remarkable for advanced views on the laws of hygiene, especially on the connection between mind and body.—J. B., G.
CARLE, Pierre, a French engineer, born in 1666; died in 1730. He quitted France at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, entered the service of William III. of England, and was actively engaged in the war which was ended by the peace of Ryswick. On one occasion William signified his confidence in the abilities of the Frenchman in a manner offensive to his generals. At a council of war, the king terminated a long and acrimonious discussion by saying—"We shall follow the counsel of the lame fellow," meaning Carle. Carle served also in the war of the succession in Spain. His last years were devoted to agriculture.
* CARLEN, Emilie, born SMITH, a Swedish novelist, born in 1807, and widow of a country medical practitioner—Flygere—who died in 1833. In 1841 she married J. G. Carlen, a Swedish lawyer and author, and is now one of the most productive and universally read of all the novelists of her country. Whilst yet at school she wrote novels; but it was owing to the extreme poverty to which she was reduced, after the death of her first husband, that in 1838 she published her first and very popular work, "Valdemar Klein," anonymously. From the publication of this first work to the year 1853, she has produced twenty-four separate works, amongst which may be named—"Professorn och bans skyddslingar," 1846; "Rosen pa Tistelön," 1842; "Bruden pa Omberg," 1845; "En nat vid Bullarsjön," 1847; "Formyndaren," 1851; "Inom Sex Veckor," 1853; many of which, if not the greater number, have been translated into German, Danish, and English. The son of her first marriage, Edward Flygere, magister at the university of Upsala, also a promising novelist, was unfortunately cut off by death in 1852, since which time, his mother, who was deeply attached to him, has not written anything.—M. H.
CARLETON, Sir Dudley, afterwards Lord Dorchester, an English statesman in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., was born in 1573. He sat in James' first parliament. After discharging some less important embassies, he was sent as ambassador to the states-general of Holland, an office which he held from 1616 to 1628. He was the last English minister who sat in the council of state for the United Provinces. In the disputes between the Arminians and Gomarists, he embraced the cause of the latter, who were headed by Prince Maurice. On the death of his patron, the duke of Buckingham, Lord Dorchester was appointed by Charles I., secretary of state, an office which he held till his death in 1631. The letters to and from Sir Dudley Carleton, during the first part of his embassy in Holland, were published by the earl of Hardwick in 1757.—J. B.
CARLETON, George, an English divine and voluminous writer of the 17th century, was born at Norham in Northumberland, where his father was governor of the castle. He studied at Edmund hall, Oxford, took his master's degree in 1585, and became doctor of divinity in 1613. In 1618 he was consecrated bishop of Llandaff, and in the same year sent by King James I., with four other divines, to attend the synod of Dort, where he so ably defended episcopacy that on his return he was promoted to the see of Chichester, where he died in 1628. In addition to a large number of independent works on various subjects, he took part in preparing the Dutch annotations and the new translation of the bible, undertaken by order of the synod of Dort.—J. B.
CARLETON, George, Captain, an English officer who was employed in various negotiations by James II., and served in the war of the succession in Spain, under Lord Peterborough. He died about 1740. The interesting work entitled "Memoirs of an English Officer who served in the Dutch War in 1692," &c., by Captain George Carleton, has been sometimes attributed to Defoe, but on grounds that recent research has rendered extremely doubtful.—J. T.
CARLETON, Sir Guy, afterwards Lord Dorchester, a British general distinguished in the American war, was born at Strabane in Ireland in 1724. Having done good service in Canada, he was raised in 1772 to be governor of Quebec, and when the American war broke out in 1775, he bravely defended the town, and repulsed the besieging force under Generals Montgomery and Arnold. He then prepared for offensive operations, and in 1776 defeated Arnold's force on Lake Champlain, and took possession of Crownpoint. In the next year the command of the Canadian armament being unaccountably given to General Burgoyne, Carleton resigned his government; but in 1781 he was appointed to succeed Sir Henry Clinton as commander-in-chief in America, where he remained till the close of the war. In 1786 he was reappointed governor of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and raised to the peerage. After some years he returned to England, and died 10th Nov., 1808.—J. B.
CARLETON, Richard, an English priest and composer of madrigals in the reign of Elizabeth. Nothing seems to be known of his biography. He published "Madrigals to Five Voyces" in 1601, dedicated to Thomas Farmer, Esq., of Norfolk; and contributed one of the compositions to Morley's celebrated
