from this period till her death she and Walpole were the real governors of the country. The king, who rarely took any step against her will, had implicit confidence in her judgment and affection, though he was in continual dread of the imputation of being governed by his wife. But she had the dexterity to persuade him that in adopting the course which she and Walpole had previously settled, he was only following the dictates of his own judgment. Her power, however, was dearly bought; for she often sacrificed her own inclinations and tastes to his wishes, connived at his sinful connection with Lady Suffolk, and even submitted to bear the imputation of his avarice and other vices. She possessed considerable personal attractions, together with a vigorous understanding and indomitable resolution, combined with great tact and address, which, however, not unfrequently degenerated into duplicity. When inoculation for the small-pox was first introduced into England, she had the courage to cause her own daughters to be inoculated by Dr. Mead. Her learning was considerable, and she was fond of patronizing literary and scientific men. It was at her request that Nowton drew up an abstract of a treatise on Ancient Chronology, and she pressed Halley to become the tutor of her second son, William, duke of Cumberland. Her favourite study was divinity; she delighted in controversial treatises, and Butler's Analogy was the work most frequently perused by her. Walpole says she had rather weakened her faith than enlightened it by study. She was certainly not orthodox in her creed, but though, as Walpole affirms, she patronized "the less-believing clergy," such as Whiston and Clarke, yet, on the other hand, it is no less certain that Butler, Berkeley, and Seeker owed their advancement to her influence. She died 20th November, 1737. A minute and graphic description has been given by Walpole, Hervey, and Chesterfield of the character and habits of Caroline, and of the mingled gaiety and grossness of the court during her reign.—J. T.
CAROLINE MARIA, queen of Naples, daughter of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, was married to Ferdinand the Neapolitan monarch in 1768. The French invasion of Italy compelled her, with the rest of the royal family, to take refuge in Sicily in 1798. She participated in the restoration which followed the fall of Napoleon. Born in 1752; died in 1814.—W. B.
CAROLINE MATILDA, queen of Denmark, daughter of Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, and sister of George III. of England, born in 1751, was married to Christian VII. in 1766. Her beauty and amiable disposition encountered in the weak intellect, fickle temper, and dissipated habits of her husband an adverse influence, which speedily consigned her to neglect, cruelty, and insult. A reconciliation was effected through the representations of Count Struensee; but it was followed by reports prejudicial to the honour of the queen, who seems to have been imprudent, though not guilty, in her intercourse with the minister. On his downfall she was arrested, tried on a charge of infidelity, and divorced. Three years afterwards she died a prisoner in the castle of Zell in Hanover, at the age of twenty-four.—W. B.
CAROLOSTADT or CARLSTADT, Andrew Bodenstein, one of the first reformers, was a native of Carolostadt in Franconia. Being professor of divinity, and archdeacon at Wittemberg, he early joined Luther and did good service to the Reformation. But in 1522, while Luther was at Wartburg, Carolostadt became the leader of the iconoclasts at Wittemberg, inciting them to great excesses. Laying claim to a peculiar spiritual enlightenment, he taught that learning was useless, and through his influence many of the students renounced their studies. Luther of course opposed this fanaticism, and the breach between the two was widened by Carolostadt's embracing the sacramentarian doctrines. After retiring for a time to Orlamund and Jena, he was banished from the elector's dominions and wandered through various German towns, encouraging the disturbances then so rife. Recalled in 1525, chiefly through Luther's intercession, he recanted some of his more extreme opinions, and afterwards retired to Switzerland, where he was received by Zwingle, who sympathized with his doctrine of the sacrament. He seems to have spent his later years in something of the calmer zeal that had at first distinguished him. He died at Basle in 1541. Carolostadt was the first of the reformers who ventured to marry.—J. B.
CAROSELLI, Antonio: this painter was born at Rome in 1573. He was a pupil of Caravaggio, whose manner he imitated, adding a grace and elegance of his own. He was remarkable for the extreme felicity of his copies of more renowned artists. He died at Rome in 1651.—W. T.
CAROSO, Fabritio, "da Sermoneta," was the author of a valuable book on dancing, entitled "Il Ballarino," published at Venice in 1581, 4to. This singular volume contains engraved plates of the various dances used in Italy in the sixteenth century, as also the music in tablature for the lute.—E. F. R.
CAROVÉ, Friedrich Wilhelm, a German philosophical and controversial writer, was born at Coblenz, June 20, 1789, and studied the law. After having been employed for some years in the French administrative service in Holland, he retired from office in 1815, and devoted himself to the study of philosophy under Hegel at Heidelberg. Here he became one of the originators of the Burschenschaft, and was one of their representatives at the famous Wartburgfest. In 1818 he followed Hegel to Berlin, lectured some time at Breslau, and finally retired to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in order to devote himself exclusively to literary labours. In 1848-49, he took a prominent part in the proceedings of the Vorparliament, and of the peace congress, and died at Heidelberg in 1852. Several of his works are directed against papacy, and the rest are descriptive of the philosophical and religious state of France.—K. E.
CARPANI, Giuseppe, born at Rome on the 2nd of May, 1683; died in 1765. He entered the order of jesuits in 1704, and became professor of rhetoric, philosophy, and theology, in the Roman college. Under his academic name of Tirro Creopolita he published two ascetic works, entitled "De Jesu Infante," which have been translated into many languages. He is also the author of seven tragedies in Latin which have been highly praised, and of some theological essays.—A. C. M.
CARPANI or CARPINI, Gætano, a musician of the middle of the eighteenth century. He held the office of mæstro di capella in the Jesus Church at Rome, and was also connected with several other jesuitical establishments. He was celebrated as the most profound contrapuntist of his time, and he produced many ecclesiastical compositions of elaborate character. He was the instructor of Jannaconi and Lorenzo Baini, both eminent masters of the same Roman school, and also of Clementi. The roughness of his manner is as much spoken of as the extent of his learning.—G. A. M.
CARPENTER, George, a British officer, who rose to be Baron Carpenter of Killaghy in Ireland. Entering the army in 1672, he served in Ireland, Flanders, and Spain, distinguishing himself at the unfortunate battle of Almanza, at Almenara, and especially at Britmega, where he bravely defended in person a breach in the wall, and received a wound which nearly proved fatal. In 1714 he entered parliament, but had soon to be sent north to quell the rebellion in Scotland. In 1716 he was made governor of Minorca, and commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland. He died in 1731-32.—J. B.
CARPENTER, Dr. Lant, a learned unitarian clergyman, was born in 1780, and received his education first at the dissenting academy, Northampton, and afterwards at the university of Glasgow. He became in 1805 the pastor of a unitarian congregation in Exeter, where he remained twelve years. The university of Glasgow conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1806. He removed to Bristol in 1817, and performed the duties of the ministerial office there for nineteen years. While travelling for the recovery of his health, he accidentally fell overboard on his passage from Naples to Leghorn, and was drowned, 5th April, 1840. Dr. Carpenter was a voluminous author. His principal work is entitled "A Harmony or Synoptical Arrangement of the Gospels." He also wrote "An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament;" "Unitarianism, the doctrine of the Gospel;" "Principles of Education, Intellectual, Moral, and Physical;" "Sermons on Practical Subjects;" various other polemical works, and articles on grammar, and on mental and moral philosophy, &c.—J. T.
* CARPENTER, Mrs. Margaret, born at Salisbury in 1793. She is the daughter of Alexander R. Geddes, Esq., an associate of the academy. She received her earliest lessons in painting from an artist of her native town. The earl of Radnor was her first patron, and did much to foster her talents as well as her ambition, by throwing open to her his fine gallery of paintings. On his recommendation she sent pictures for three seasons to the exhibition of the Society of Arts, and in 1813 she obtained the gold medal for a child's head, afterwards purchased by the marquis of Stafford. The following year she removed to London, where she married in 1815 Mr. W. H. Carpenter, then a curator, and since keeper of the prints and
