saria resdentia Episcoporum et aliorum pastorum"—afterwards published. He attended upon Philip when he went into England to espouse Queen Mary, and was employed by the queen in the endeavour to convert her protestant subjects. He was afterwards created archbishop of Toledo, 1557. Having published a work named "Commentarios sobre el Catechismo Christiano," Antwerp, 1588, he was accused of heresy by the inquisition, and subjected to imprisonment and persecution, which lasted till his death in 1576. In addition to the works referred to, he wrote "A Summary of the Councils," Venice, 1546.—J. B.
CARRARA, a family of Longobard origin, who long held the sovereignty of Padua. Jacopo was elected lord of Padua in 1318. Francesco I., who, in 1355, became sole sovereign, was at the head of the Guelph league against the Visconti of Milan. He joined in 1378 the Genoese in their attack on Venice. Allied against Verona with Gian Galeazzo Visconti, he was betrayed by his ally, who took Padua and Treviso, and arrested Francesco in 1388, keeping him prisoner till his death in 1393. This Francesco was the friend of Petrarch. His son, Francesco II., regained Padua in 1390 with the assistance of Venice, forming an alliance with that government, which he afterwards broke, and in consequence lost his territory, which was never regained by the family. He was put to death in 1406.—J. B.
CARRÉ, Francis, an artist, born in Friesland in 1630. His pictures are not greatly known out of his own country. He painted landscapes and rural festivals. He was appointed chief painter to the stadtholder, William Frederick, prince of Orange. He died at Amsterdam in 1669.—W. T.
CARRÉ, Guillaume-Louis-Julien, a French lawyer, born in 1777; died in 1832. He distinguished himself first at the bar, and afterwards as a teacher of law, having in 1806 been made professor to the faculty of Rennes. Carré exhibited some courage in defending the victims of the reactionary politics of 1815; but he shrank from the task, imposed on him by his eminent position, of urging the necessary reforms in the law. After 1830 he was offered high preferment in Paris, but chose to abide by his chair, in the duties of which, and in correcting his numerous writings, he passed the rest of his life.—R. M., A.
CARRÉ, Henry: this painter was the eldest son of Francis Carré, and was born at Amsterdam in 1656. He was a scholar of Juriaen Jacobsz and Jacques Jordaens. He served for some years in the army in the regiment of the princess of Orange, and was present at the siege of Groningen. Subsequently, however, he returned to the arts of peace, and was appointed state painter at the court of Friesland. He painted chase and animal subjects after the manner of Snyders. He died in 1721.—W. T.
CARRÉ, Louis, a French mathematician, born in 1663. Cast off by his father because he refused to become a priest, he was employed by Malebranche as his amanuensis. Under him he studied mathematics and philosophy, which he soon undertook to teach. In 1687 he was admitted into the Academy, of which he speedily became associate and then pensioner. Thus provided for, he devoted himself to study and investigations connected with mechanics, and died in 1711. In 1700 he published "A method of Measuring Surfaces and Solids, and finding their centres of gravitation, percussion, and oscillation."—J. B.
CARRÉ, Michael, born at Amsterdam in 1666, and the younger brother of Henry Carré. This painter first studied with his brother, and subsequently in the school of Nicholas Berghem. He is stated to have visited England, but to have met with little encouragement. He was afterwards invited to the court of Berlin, and appointed one of the principal painters to the king. He died at Alkmaer in 1728. His best work is a saloon at the Hague—a landscape with figures, from the story of Jacob and Esau. He had a bold and facile manner, and his landscape and cattle pieces are esteemed.—W. T.
* CARRÉ, Narcisse-Epaminondas, a French magistrate, now occupying the chair of councillor in the Cour Imperiale at Paris; born in 1794. Of course he is chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Carré is not a mere judge, he has devoted himself to the study of civil jurisprudence in its largest sense, and produced a number of excellent and instructive works. Among these ranks foremost his edition of Domat, in nine volumes. He wrote also the "Code des Femmes," a useful repertory and analysis of the laws especially affecting women. Other treatises from his pen are well known in France.—J. P. N.
CARREL, Nicolas Armand, a celebrated French journalist, was born at Rouen, May 8, 1800, and educated at the military school at St. Cyr. He obtained a commission in 1821, but in 1823 repaired to Barcelona, and fought in the foreign liberalist legion on the side of the Spanish revolutionists, but in the cause of Napoleon II. For this conduct he was tried for high treason, but acquitted, in 1824. He then acted for six months as secretary to M. Augustin Thierry, author of the Norman Conquest of England. During the next three years he published the following works—"Résumé de l'Histoire d'Ecosse;" "Résumé de l'Histoire des Grecs Modernes;" and "Histoire de la Contre- revolution en Angleterre." He also at one time kept a bookseller's shop. In August, 1830, he became principal editor of the National, in which capacity, after supporting the Orleanist government for some time, he gradually adopted republican sentiments. The freedom of his expressions brought him into repeated collision with the government, as well as with private persons. He fell by the hand of M. Emile de Girardin in a duel, July 22, 1836, and died two days after. Thirty thousand people attended his funeral.—A. H. P.
CARRENNO de Miranda, Don Juan: this Spanish painter was the descendant of an old family, and was born at Abiles in Asturias in 1614. He entered the school of Pedro de las Cuevas at Madrid, but subsequently studied under Bartolomeo Roman. He was employed in decorating some of the palaces of Philip IV. with fresco painting, and so satisfied that monarch, that he received the appointment of painter to the court about 1651. He painted also for many of the churches of Madrid, Toledo, Alcala de Henares, Segovia, and Pamplona. His colour is described as something between Titian's and Vandyck's—rich, brilliant, and very superior to his drawing. As a painter of expression and feeling, he has been ranked next to Murillo. He died at Madrid in 1685.—W. T.
* CARRERA, Rafael, born in 1814 in Guatemala of poor parents, was in his early days employed as a drummer boy and cattle-driver. An insurrection, consequent on the distress caused by the appearance of cholera, having broken out in 1837, Carrera joined it, and soon became its leader. In 1839 he obtained possession of the town of Guatemala, and in the following year the triumph of the popular party was completed by the defeat of General Morasan. Since then Carrera has almost constantly remained at the head of public affairs, which he has conducted with singular wisdom.—J. B.
CARRICHTER, Bartholomeus, a German physician, flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century. He was a believer in astrology, and published several works in which he advocates the virtues of herbs as depending on the influence of the stars. In his "Krauterbuch," published at Strasburg in 1573 and 1575, he mentions the medicinal properties of plants in connection with the signs of the zodiac; in another Krauterbuch he describes the plants of Germany in relation to the influences which they receive from the heavenly bodies. He also wrote on German dietetics, and on the harmony, sympathy, and antipathy of plants. The early editions of his works appear under the name of Philomousus.—J. H. B.
CARRIER, Jean-Baptiste, one of the most infamous names in the history of the Revolution. This bloody demagogue was born at Zolai in 1756. Entering the convention in 1792 he helped to set up the revolutionary tribunal, and voted for the death of the king. At Nantes, whither he was sent from Normandy, he perpetrated, in name of the convention, but really without its knowledge, the most shocking atrocities. The detail of his crimes is, at the present day, read almost with incredulity. On the fall of his party he was recalled; and the world was happily rid of a monster who, on a throne, would have been a worse than Nero, when Carrier was brought to the block in December, 1794.
* CARRIERE, Moritz, a German philosophical writer, was born at Griedel, grand duchy of Hassia, March 5, 1817, studied philosophy at Giessen, Göttingen, and Berlin, and then travelled for some years in Italy. In 1849 he obtained the chair of philosophy at Giessen, and in 1855 was translated to Munich as professor of the history of art.—K. E.
CARRINGTON, Noel Thomas, author of some volumes of poetry, was born at Plymouth in 1777, and died in 1830. He wrote "The Banks of Tamar" in 1830; "Dartmoor, a descriptive poem," in 1826; and "My Native Village, with other Poems," published after his death.
CARRION-NISAS, Marie Henri François Elisabeth, Marquis de, born at Montpellier in March, 1787. The Revolu-
