in Hertfordshire about 1535. He studied at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen fellow in 1560. Ten years later, having meanwhile been elected to a fellowship in Trinity, he was appointed Lady Margaret's divinity reader. His lectures and sermons attracted very great attention, the more especially that he took occasion to deliver his sentiments on church discipline, which were unfavourable to the established hierarchy. He was cited before the vice-chancellor and heads of the university, but defended his conduct by asserting that he had only taught what seemed to him to flow from the texts he was expounding, and that he had never done so in any spirit of controversy. One of his principal opponents, Dr. Whitgift, having in 1571 become vice-chancellor, Cartwright was at once deprived of his professorship, and very soon after of his fellowship. He then went to the continent, and became acquainted with Beza and many other eminent scholars. During his exile he officiated as minister to English merchants, first at Antwerp, afterwards at Middelburg. Returning to England, he soon came into fresh trouble. "An Admonition to Parliament" concerning the discipline of the church and the measures which had been taken against the puritans, having been presented, its authors, Messrs. Field and Wilcox, were committed to Newgate in 1572. Mr. Cartwright ventured to address the parliament in a "Second Admonition," which involved him in a long controversy with Whitgift, and compelled him once more to leave the country. He was abroad for five years, officiating as minister at some English factories. He was offered by James VI. of Scotland a professorship at St. Andrews, which he declined, choosing rather to return to England, where, however, he was soon apprehended and committed to prison. He was released through the interest of the earl of Leicester, and by that nobleman appointed master of a newly-founded hospital in Warwick. At the request of many protestant divines, he undertook to write against the Rhemish translation of the New Testament; and notwithstanding the prohibition of Archbishop Whitgift, prepared the work—which was published in 1618, many years after his death—entitled "A Confutation of the Rhemish translation, glosses, and annotations on the New Testament." By the command of Aylmer, bishop of London, he was again sent to prison in 1585, was released, and again imprisoned till 1592. He was finally set at liberty through the intercession of Lady Russell and of King James, who had always admired him, and who wrote a letter to the queen on his behalf. His health was sadly impaired by his wanderings and imprisonments, and he died December 27, 1603. Besides the works referred to, Mr. Cartwright published "Commentaria Practica, in totam Historiam Evangelicam, ex quatuor Evangelistis harmonicè concinnatam," 1630; Commenmentaries on the Proverbs and on Ecclesiastes; "A Directory of Church Government;" and "A Body of Divinity."—J. B.
CARTWRIGHT, William, an English poet of some reputation in his day, was born at Northway, near Tewkesbury, September, 1611. He studied at Oxford, and having taken orders, became a preacher of note in the university—one of his sermons finding a place, as a specimen of university preaching, in a volume of Five Sermons in Five several Styles or Ways of Preaching. In 1642 he received an appointment to an office in the church of Salisbury, and was in the same year made one of the Oxford council of war, appointed to provide for the king's troops stationed in the town. In 1643 he was chosen junior proctor in the university, and reader in metaphysics; but he did not long hold these offices, for he died in December of the same year. He had attained very great reputation, and was spoken of in terms of the highest commendation by Ben Jonson and others of his time. His works are now scarcely remembered. His "Comedies, Tragi-Comedies, and other Poems," appeared in 1647, and again in 1651. Wood praises his scholarship, and mentions that he wrote "Poemata Græca et Latina."—J. B.
CARUS, Friedrich Augustus, a German philosopher, author of several works on the history of psychology, containing some of the most original views on that branch of science which have illustrated its annals in the present century, was born at Bautzen in 1770, and died at Leipzig in 1807. He was for some time pastor of a protestant congregation at Leipzig, and latterly professor of philosophy in the university. His most remarkable publication is a "History of the Psychology of the Hebrews," a subject on which he has lavished all the resources of his great talents and remarkable erudition. He wrote also "Elements of Psychology," and "History of Psychology."
CARUS, Karl Gustaf, a distinguished German physician and naturalist, was born in 1780, at Leipzig, where his father practised the art of a dyer. His early education was conducted in the gymnasium of his native city, and he studied chemistry in the university, with the view of following his father's business. Having, however, acquired a taste for anatomy he determined on the pursuit of medicine as a profession. He pursued his studies with so much success, that in 1811 he was appointed extraordinary professor to the university, and delivered lectures on comparative anatomy, which had not till that time been taught in the university. Whilst devoting himself to the pursuit of the science which he taught, he practised more especially the obstetrical branch of his profession, and wrote many able papers and two works on the subject. He also cultivated with great success the art of drawing, as the illustrations to many of his works on comparative anatomy show. In 1813 he caught a fever during his professional labours, which rendered him for some time incapable of scientific research. In 1815, on the foundation of the medico-chirurgical academy of Dresden, he was appointed to the chair of clinical midwifery. In 1822 he published his "Manual of Midwifery," and in 1828 his "Handbook of Gynæcology," in two volumes. These works display great practical acquaintance with the science of obstetrics, and the physiology of the human female. In 1829 he was appointed physician to the king of Saxony, a post he held till the death of the king. In 1829 he accompanied the Prince Frederick-Augustus in a journey through Switzerland and Italy. He also subsequently came to England with the king. The works of Carus on the subject of comparative anatomy are very numerous. He is best known in this country for his researches on the typical forms assumed by the vertebrate skeleton, a subject to which he devoted several of the numerous papers that he published in the Transactions of scientific societies, and in philosophical journals. He wrote several systematic works on zoology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, amongst which may be mentioned his "Introduction to Comparative Anatomy," published in 1827. This work was translated into English by Gore, and published in two volumes with an atlas. In 1834 he published an "Elementary Treatise on Comparative Anatomy," which was translated into French, and published in Paris in 1835. In 1840 he completed in three volumes a work entitled "A System of Physiology." His papers are very numerous, and contain much original and valuable observation, especially those devoted to the subject of embryology. Most of his works are illustrated with drawings from his own pencil, and possess considerable artistic merit. The list of his works published in 1850 in the Bibliographia Zoologiæ et Geologiæ of Agassiz and Strickland, contains forty-nine titles. These probably do not exhaust the whole of the contributions of this indefatigable observer and writer to the literature of natural history and the medical profession.—E. L.
CARUS, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman emperor, died in 283. He was proconsul of Cilicia, and prætorian prefect of the Emperor Probus, whom he succeeded, but not without the suspicion of having been accessory to his murder. The reign of Carus was short, but brilliant. Of an austere nature, he disregarded the senate, enforced a rigorous simplicity in the camp, and maintained an uncompromising hostility against the enemies of Rome. Having defeated the Sarmatians in Illyricum, he prepared to execute the long-suspended design of the Persian war, and had already carried his victorious arms beyond the Tigris, when death suddenly overtook him. It is believed that his fate was similar to that of his predecessor. Carus was succeeded by his two sons, on whom he had conferred the title of Cæsar. His reception of the Persian ambassadors is well known.—R. M., A.
CARUSO, Luigi, a musician, was born at Naples, September 25, 1754; the time and place of his death are unknown. He studied his art first under his father, and subsequently under Nicolo Sala. He is said to have been designed for a singer; but failing in this capacity, turned his attention to composition. His first opera, "Il Baronne di Trocchia," was produced at Brescia in 1773. In the summer of 1774, he brought out "Artaserse" in London. He wrote in all sixty operas, the last of which, "L'Avviso ai Maritati," was given at Rome in 1810. Besides these voluminous dramatic works, he composed many pieces for the church, like them in a very light style; he produced also four oratorios and several sacred and secular cantatas.
