en l'an du grand jubilé, 1600;" Bordeaux, 1603. He was the author of a "Guide to the Holy Land."—J. T.
CASTELL, Edmund, an oriental scholar, the industrious compiler of the "Lexicon Heptaglotton," a dictionary of seven languages, was born at Hatley, Cambridgeshire, in 1606. His great work cost him seventeen years' labour and an outlay of £12,000, absorbing his whole fortune, and reducing him to poverty. In 1669 he published his Lexicon, but the sale of the work in no way repaid the labour and expense it had cost him. In 1666 he was made Arabic professor at Cambridge, and two years later a prebendary of Canterbury. He received various other ecclesiastical preferments. Dr. Walton was much indebted to him in the preparation of the Polyglot Bible. His oriental MSS. were bequeathed by him to the university of Cambridge. Died in 1685.—J. B.
CASTELLANE, Esprit Victor-E.-B., Count de, marshal of France, was born in 1788. He entered the army in 1804 as a private soldier, and rose rapidly in the service, having gained the confidence of Napoleon, both by the courage and skill which he displayed in the Spanish, German, and Russian campaigns, and by the fidelity with which he discharged various missions intrusted to him. He served faithfully the various governments which have successively arisen in France since the downfall of Napoleon, and after the revolution of 1848 he contributed greatly to establish order and tranquillity in the district of Rouen, where he had held an important command. He was nominated a senator in 1852, and received at the same time a marshal's baton from Napoleon III. He died in 1862.—J. T.
CASTELLANUS. See Duchatel.
CASTELLESI, Adrian, an Italian prelate, whose writings are remarkable for their elegant Latinity, lived in the first half of the sixteenth century. In 1503, being then on a mission to Henry VII., he was created bishop of Hereford, and the year following translated to the diocese of Bath and Wells. On his return to Italy, Pope Alexander VI., in many of whose crimes he is said to have participated, raised him to the rank of cardinal. Under the pontificate of Leo X. he was outlawed as a traitor.
CASTELLI, Benedict, an Italian mathematician and physician, was born at Brescia in 1577. He was one of the most celebrated pupils of Galileo, whom he assisted in his astronomical observations, and whose hydrostatical theories he defended in a treatise entitled "Risposta alle oppossizione," &c., Florence, 1615. From this date until 1623 he occupied the mathematical chair at Pisa, and then removed to Rome on the invitation of Pope Urban VIII., and was made mathematical professor in the college Delia Sapienza. He was the first who applied the new theory of motion to hydraulics, and wrote a treatise on the subject entitled "Delia Mesura dell' Acque Correnti," Rome, 1638. But he fell into a mistake in supposing that the velocity of issuing fluids is proportional to the height of the reservoir, instead of the square root of the height. He was often consulted respecting the best means of introducing water into cities, and was successful in draining the stagnant waters of the Arno. He died in 1644.—J. T.
* CASTELLI, Ignaz Friedrich, a prolific German dramatist, was born at Vienna, May 6th, 1781. He held several subordinate situations in the administrative service, but since 1840 lives retired from office in an elegant cottage near Lilienfeld, in one of the most picturesque valleys of Austria, He was for a long time one of the chief representatives of literature and belles-lettres in Austria, and has written upwards of one hundred dramatic pieces, all of which are distinguished by great good humour and naïveté. He has also published a great number of poems, chiefly in the Austrian dialect, tales, sketches, and anecdotes. His complete works appeared at Vienna in fifteen volumes (second edition), 1848.—K. E.
CASTELLI, Pietro, an Italian physician and botanist, was born at Messina, and died in 1657. He studied medicine at Rome. He instituted the botanic garden at Messina, and became the first director of it. He published some works under the cognomen of Aldinus. Among his writings may be noticed—a treatise on hellebore; on the plants in the Farnesian garden at Rome; on the garden of Messina; on opobalsamum; on smilax aspera; catalogue of the plants of Etna; on the aphorisms of Hippocrates; on emetics; besides medical treatises.—J. H. B.
CASTELLI or CASTELLO, Bernardo: this painter was born at Genoa in 1557. He was a pupil of Andrea Semini, and subsequently followed the manner of Luca Cambiaso. He possessed considerable talent, but not so much judgment. He was industrious and rapid, but did not, or perhaps could not, bestow much thought upon his work. But his name will live. He was the intimate of Tasso, for whose Jerusalem he made the original designs, engraved by Agostino Carracci. Other poets of note called him friend, and so he gets embalmment in their verses. He painted miniatures also, and is praised by Marino the poet, for his delineations of insect life. His works are possessed by Genoa and Rome. He died in 1629.—W. T.
CASTELLI or CASTELLO, Giovanni Battista, called il Bergamasco: this painter was born in Gaudino, in the Valla Seriona in the Bergamese in 1500. He was a pupil of Aurelio Bussi of Crema, whom he accompanied to Genoa. On the departure of his preceptor from the city, Castelli, thrown entirely upon his own resources, attracted the attention of a Genoese nobleman, who sent him to Rome to study the great masters, and perfect himself in all the branches of his art. He did credit to his patron, and returned a proficient in architecture, sculpture, and painting. His first work on his return was the decoration of the palace of his patron. He painted the frescos in the church of St. Marcellino and the monastery of St. Sebastiano. Soon afterwards he was employed, in conjunction with Cambiaso, in the Nunziata di Portoria, where, on the ceiling of the choir, he painted "Christ at the Judgment receiving the Elect," a work dazzling in its golden effects of light. Cambiaso painted the laterals, being "The final dooms of the Blessed and the Cursed." Castelli fairly eclipsed his rival by the strength of his composition, the magnificence of his colour, and the grandeur of his style, approaching the glory of Giulio Romano, and hinting already the coming of the art-god Raffaelle. He also painted subjects from the Iliad in the saloon of the Lanzi palace at Gorlago. He was not sufficiently appreciated, or was not satisfied with his appreciation in Italy; for he afterwards journeyed to Spain, and was appointed painter to the court of Charles V., for whom he adorned the palace of the Pardo with subjects from Ovid. He died at Madrid in 1570.—W. T.
CASTELLI or CASTELLO, Valerio, the son of Bernardo, was born at Genoa in 1625. He was a pupil in the school of Domenico Fiasella, but his education was chiefly derived from his study of the works of Procaccini at Milan, and Coreggio at Parma. His colour is noted for its vigour and harmony, and his composition for its freedom and life. He earned a reputation for battle pieces and historical pieces, in the style of Tintoretto and Veronese. His fresco paintings came near to Carloni. He decorated the cupola of the church of the Annunciation at Genoa, a very important work. He painted the "Conversion of St. Paul" at the Franciscan's, and the "Descent of the Holy Ghost" at the Augustine's. He died in 1659. Several of his smaller works are in English collections.—W. T.
CASTELLO, Gabriel Lancelot, a distinguished Sicilian antiquary, born at Palermo in 1727, author of an elaborate work on the "History and Antiquities of Halesa," a colony of Niconia, which was swallowed up by an earthquake in 828, and of "Siciliæ Populorum et Urbium, Regum quoque et Tyrannorum, veteres nummi Saracenorum epocham antecedentes." Castello died in 1794.—J. T.
CASTELLOZE, Dame de. This lady was a troubadour who lived in the thirteenth century. She was born at Auvergne, and married a noble who bore the name of True de Mairona. Armand de Bréon was admired by the lady of Castelloze, and appears not to have returned her passion with the ardour she expected. She can only be described in the dialect of her own day—"Era una domna mout gaia, mout ensegnada, et mout bella." The attribute of "mout ensegnada" expresses that she possessed all the accomplishments which were fashionable in her day. Three of her chansons remain; they are highly praised by the antiquarians who have succeeded in accustoming their ears to the versification of such pieces, and who are skilful enough to detect more meaning in them than they convey to us.—J. A., D.
CASTELNAU, Jacques de Castelnau-Mauvissiere, Marquis de, marshal of France, grandson of Michel, born in 1620; died in 1658. His first campaign was in Holland, where he fell into an ambuscade, and was carried prisoner to Cambray, but contrived to make his escape. He was severely wounded at Friburg in 1644; and next year, at the battle of Nordlingen, where the imperial general, Mercy, was slain, Castelnau had two horses killed under him, and received no fewer than six wounds from musket balls. His distinguished bravery pro-
