in 1540 by Charles V. to re-establish order in that province. He defeated and brought to the block Almagro (see that name) and his confederates in the murder of Pizarro. He died in 1558.
CASTRO, Guillen de, a Spanish dramatist, was born at Valencia in 1567. It is probable that he was early a distinguished member of the Nocturnos, a society which formed the nucleus of the Royal Academy of Madrid. At one time he was a captain of cavalry, and held an office under Benevente, viceroy of Naples. He also received a pension from the duke of Ossuna. The most notable of his works are the two plays entitled "Nocedades del Cid" (Youthful Amusements of the Cid); from these pieces Corneille drew the greater part of the materials for his more celebrated drama. In all, there exist twenty-seven or twenty-eight plays of this author, of which we need only name—"Alli van leges donde quieren Reges" (Laws must twist as monarchs list); "Santa Barbara, or the Mountain Miracle and Heaven's Martyr;" "Caballero Bobo;" "Maravillas de Babilonia," founded on the history of Nebuchadnezzar; "El Amor Constante" (Constant Love), of which the scene is laid in Hungary; "New Matches in Valencia;" "Dido and Æneas;" and some others. He was also the author of the ballads of "Count Alareos" and "Count d'lslos." He seems to have been the intimate friend of Lope de Vega, and in 1620 assisted him at the festival of the canonization of St. Isidore. In 1615 he is spoken of by Cervantes in a manner which indicates that he was then an author of some reputation. He died in poverty in 1631. Lord Holland has written a life of Guillen de Castro, subjoined to his Life of Lope de Vega: London, 1817.—F. M. W.
CASTRO, Isaac Orobio de, a Spanish physician, was secretly brought up in the Jewish religion by his neo-christian parents, whom the dread of the stringent laws in force throughout the Pyrenean peninsula against judaizing, induced to have their son ostensibly baptized as Balthazar, and educated at Salamanca. His eminent abilities gained for him the chair of metaphysics at the university where he had graduated. He afterwards removed to Seville, and began to practise medicine, in which profession he soon became very successful. Here, however, in the midst of his professional successes, he incurred the suspicion of being a secret adherent of judaism, and was incarcerated for three years in the dungeons of the inquisition. After his release he journeyed to Toulouse, where he became for a time teacher of medicine; but finding that here, too, he was under the surveillance of the inquisition, he resigned his chair and betook himself to Amsterdam, where he publicly connected himself with the synagogue, and lived many years in great repute as a skilful physician and an eminent scholar. The three Latin theses of this author which gave rise to the colloquy between him and the learned christian theologian, Peter Limborch, and other theological tracts, attest his zeal for the honour of the Jewish religion. "Israel vengé" is a controversial work, published in French by Henriquez, but professedly translated from the Spanish of Orobio. It is probably Orobio's "Exposition of the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah" in a French dress. Orobio's adventurous life terminated at Amsterdam in 1687.—(Basnage, Schudt, Wolf, De'Rossi, Carmoly.)—T. T.
CASTRO, Johann von, a musician, distinguished as a composer and as a performer on the lute, was born at Liege, and died at Juliers. In 1570 he followed his profession in Lyons; and in 1580 he held the appointment of kapellmeister to the prince of Juliers. He published, between 1569 and 1600, many sets of madrigals, chansons, sonnets, odes, and cantiones sacra; for one and many voices. It has been supposed that these works were the production of two composers of the same name, but the supposition is not substantiated.—G. A. M.
CASTRO, Juan de, Portuguese viceroy of the Indies in the sixteenth century, belonged to a noble family, originally Gallician, and was educated along with Don Louis, son of King Emmanuel, under the celebrated Pedro Nunez. His first military services were those which he performed against the Moors in Africa, where he won the applause of Charles V., as well as the favour of his own sovereign; and on his return to Lisbon in 1538, he was rewarded with the commandery of St. Paul de Salvaterra. His marriage soon followed, but the revenues of his office were small, and in the course of a year or two he accompanied his maternal uncle, De Noronha, to the East Indies, to take part in the struggles by which the Portuguese were then maintaining and seeking to extend the new empire which they had founded at Goa. His bravery made him a valuable acquisition in the camp, and he rendered to Stephen Da Gama, in the exploring of the Red Sea, scientific services not less honourable, and then more rare. When he was subsequently appointed, in 1545, to succeed De Souza in the governorship of the Indies, he had a fierce contest to maintain against Mahmoud, king of Cambodia, whose energetic ministers, Khodja Sophar and Roumi-Khan, tasked severely for a time his military talents. Having brought that war to a triumphant issue, he set himself to administer wisely the dominions which he had so valiantly defended and enlarged, being well fitted, by his generous disposition and high integrity, to repair the evils which a series of dissolute and tyrannical rulers had introduced. In 1547 he received the rank of viceroy, but in the following year died in the arms of his friend, St. Francis Xavier, having acquired not only among his own countrymen, but among the natives, an honourable reputation, which long survived him. His "Hydrographical account of the Red Sea" was published in 1833 at Paris, from a copy of the manuscript in the British Museum.—W. B.
CASTRO, Paul de, an Italian jurist of the first half of the fifteenth century, famous for his skill in Roman law, which he taught successively at Florence, Bologna, Ferrara, and Padua. Cujas held his works in the highest estimation, saying—"Qui non habet Paulum de Castro, tunicam vendat et emat."
CASTRO, Rodriguez de, a Spanish Jew, born at Lisbon, studied philosophy and medicine at Salamanca. After having, for a considerable period of his life, outwardly conformed with the observances of the catholic religion, he embarked stealthily for Holland, then the only refuge in Europe for the religiously and politically proscribed, and once on a free soil, made a public profession of Judaism, of which he remained a staunch adherent till his death. From Holland he removed to Hamburg, where he was distinguished as a medical practitioner and writer, during the space of thirty years, from 1596 to 1627, when he died an octogenarian.—Benedict, or Baruch Nehemiah de Castro, was a son of Rodriguez. He embraced his father's profession, and ultimately became attached as physician to the court of Christina, Gustav Adolf's eccentric daughter. He died in 1684 at the advanced age of eighty-six.—Rodriguez's younger son, Daniel, or Andreas de Castro, studied medicine and philosophy, and rose to the rank of first physician to the king of Denmark.—T. T.
CASTRUCCI, Pietro, a violinist and composer, immortalized by the pencil of Hogarth, who has preserved the lineaments of this vain and irascible, but not contemptible musician, in the Enraged Musician, was a Roman by birth. He was made first violin at the opera-house about 1718, and died in London at the age of eighty.
CASTRUCCIO-CASTRACANI, a celebrated Italian general, born at Lucca in Tuscany in 1284. At an early age he embraced the profession of arms, and served successively in France, England, and Lombardy. A staunch adherent of the Ghibellines, he rendered such signal service to his party, that the people of Lucca elected him chief of their republic. He was the principal adviser of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria, in his Italian campaign against the Guelphs in 1327, and in return for his services he was made Count Palatine, and acknowledged as duke of Lucca, Pistoja, Volterra, and Lunigiana. He put himself at the head of the Ghibelline party in Tuscany, and carried on a war with the Florentines for the space of fifteen years. In the end the Ghibellines triumphed, and in May, 1328, the opposite faction were defeated in a great battle, in which no fewer than 22,000 of them were killed. The supreme authority in Tuscany was now within reach of Castruccio, when he died of ague, after an illness of a few days, caught by his imprudently halting while tired and heated, after the action, to address his victorious soldiers, as they passed from the field of battle. His death gave a fatal blow to the Ghibelline party in Italy. The Italian historians extol highly the enlarged views of Castruccio, his military tactics, the secrecy of his plans, and the rapidity of his movements. Machiavelli wrote a life of this distinguished general, but it is more a romance than a real biography.—J. T.
CAT, C. N. le. See Le Cat.
CATALANI, Angelica, the renowned singer, was born at Senigaglia, near Rome, in 1783, and died at Florence in 1849. Her singularly beautiful voice attracted general attention while she was yet a child, and gained for her the zealous patronage of Cardinal Onorati, who placed her in the convent of S. Lucia, at Gubbio, for her education, when she was twelve years old. While there, her singing was so remarkable, that the public, who heard
