this bold and extreme measure. He was well aware of the dangerous responsibility he incurred, but he had firmness enough on this momentous occasion to advocate a vigorous policy. He carried the senate with him, and in spite of the opposition of Cæsar, sentence of death was passed on the prisoners. The sentence was executed without delay. In the dismal prison under the capitol, some of the first nobility of Rome were, in the same night, strangled by the common executioner. The people received the news with shouts of triumph, and welcomed Cicero as their deliverer and as the father of his country.
Thus the conspiracy found an inglorious end in Rome. Meanwhile, Catiline had taken the command of a body of troops in Etruria, which soon swelled to the dimensions of two legions, animated with the courage of despair; but the forces of the government, victorious in all parts of Italy over the irregular levies of the conspirators, gradually surrounded Catiline on all sides. The consul Antonius, who was not unjustly suspected of favouring Catiline's design, but who had been kept in check by his colleague Cicero, commanded the Roman army; but he seemed not inclined to come to the rescue of an old associate whose cause had become desperate. Under the pretext of suffering from gout, he left the command to his legate, Petreius. Catiline, seeing there was no escape, offered battle near Pistoria in Etruria, and fell with his adherents to the number of 3000, in March, 62 b.c. When the body was found, his features even in death were stamped with the ferocity of his character. Such was the sanguinary end of a civil commotion which, indeed, had no lasting influence upon the destinies of Rome, but is highly interesting to the historian, as showing clearly the rotten state of the Roman republic, and its inability to resist the designs of men like Cæsar and Augustus.—T. I.
CATINAT de la Fauconnerie, Nicolas de, marshal of France, and one of the ablest generals of Louis XIV., was the son of the president of the parliament of Paris, and was born 1st September, 1637. He studied for the bar, but having lost his first cause unjustly, as he imagined, he quitted the profession in disgust and entered the army. His conspicuous bravery in the presence of the king at the siege of Lisle in 1667, procured him a lieutenancy in the regiment of guards. He distinguished himself at Mæstricht, Senef, Cambray, Valenciennes, and other places noted in the wars of Louis XIV., and rose rapidly in the service, till he attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1688. Two years after this he inflicted a sanguinary defeat upon Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, at Staffarde, and again in 1691 at Marsaille, and made himself master of the whole of Savoy and of a part of Piedmont. In 1693 he was created a marshal of France. In 1696 he acted as plenipotentiary of the French king in arranging the terms of peace with the duke of Savoy. He was then appointed commander of the army in Flanders, and, in spite of the efforts of the prince of Orange and the elector of Bavaria, besieged and took the town of Ath in 1697. In 1701 war broke out again in Italy, and Catinat was opposed to the celebrated Prince Eugene, who commanded the imperial forces. The issue of the campaign was disastrous to the French, and Catinat was superseded by Marshal Villeroi. He was shortly after nominated to the command of the army of Alsatia, but a large portion of his forces having been withdrawn by Marshal Villars, Catinat was reduced to a state of inactivity, and in consequence solicited and obtained his discharge. He spent the remainder of his days in retirement at St. Gratien, and died in 1712.—J. T.
CATLIN, George, a native of Wyoming, North America, was born in the beginning of this century, of parents who entered that sylvan valley after the close of the revolutionary war and the Indian massacre. The events of his life are well-marked and of considerable interest; his earliest boyhood spent in Wyoming; ten years in the valley of the Oc-qua-go, where he held alternately the plough, the rifle, and the fishing-rod; five years at the classics; two years under Reeve and Gould in Connecticut, studying Blackstone and Coke; three years practising in the courts of Pennsylvania; five years at the easel in Philadelphia; eight years amongst the Indian tribes of the prairies and Rocky Mountains; and eight years in the civilized capitals and towns of Europe, presented to kings, queens, and princes. His father, practising as a solicitor, educated his son for a higher walk in the same profession. But two passions, growing with his growth and strengthening with his strength, shaped a life now rough-hewn for law, into a unique and unexpected model. The love of adventure, fostered by stories of tomahawks and bisons; and the love of art, the gift of benignant fortune, made the pursuits of his profession distasteful. Accordingly he sold his library and the appurtenances of his office, converted the proceeds into brushes and paint-pots, and started for Philadelphia. When practising the art of painting there, without teacher or adviser, "a delegation of some ten or twelve noble and dignified-looking Indians," strutting about in silent and stoic dignity, with their brows plumed with the quills of the war eagle, wearing tunic and manteau, shield and helmet, arrived in the city, and fired the sensitive imagination of the aspiring painter. Despite the solicitations of friends, relatives, and wife, he remained immovable in his determination to traverse the "far west!" to place on canvass the figures, customs, and ceremonies of people little known, and thus to snatch from oblivion the memory of tribes whose origin was lost in antiquity, and whose existence was rapidly drawing to a close. During the eight years of his travels, Mr. Catlin visited forty-eight tribes; familiarizing himself with their economic and ceremonial history, by becoming one of themselves, and assiduous in the use of brush and palette. By dint of laudable toil he collected three hundred and ten portraits in oil, all painted in their native dress and in their own wigwams, together with two hundred other paintings in oil, containing views of Indian villages, their sports, their dances, their ballplays, buffalo hunting, horse racing, and religious rites. Few books have greater interest to the reader of history than the "Letters and Notes" of Mr. Catlin. On his return, he exhibited his Indian collection in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. In 1839 he embarked at New York for Liverpool, with six hundred portraits, two grisly bears, &c., making altogether a freight of eight tons. When Mr. Catlin arrived in London, large audiences crowded to see his unexampled specimens, and to hear his lively descriptions. He received visits and invitations from gentry and nobility, looked down on Hyde Park from the top of Mr. Disraeli's house, danced in the Caledonian ball at Almacks, and was presented to the queen. In 1844 a Mr. Melody landed in Liverpool with fourteen Ioway Indians for exhibition in this country, and prevailed upon Mr. Catlin to deliver lectures on their habits and customs. After a short stay in England, they exhibited in Paris and in Brussels. In 1848 Mr. Catlin returned to London, and betook himself once more to painting. But his wife having died some time previous, the healing wounds of bereavement were torn open by the death of his only boy; whereupon he determined to quit England, and return to his native country. Besides the "Letters and Notes on the Manners and Conditions of the North American Indians," Mr. Catlin published a volume entitled "Catlin's Notes of Eight Years' Travels in Europe," and a pamphlet under the title of "Catlin's Notes for the Emigrant to America."—G. H. P.
CATO: the more distinguished persons who bore this name follow in chronological order:—
Cato, i.e., "the Wise or Sagacious," a surname given to Marcus Porcius Priscus, sometimes called the Censor and Cato Major, a celebrated Roman soldier, statesman, and orator, who was born at Tusculum in 234 b.c., and passed his earlier years on his father's farm in the Sabine territory. At the usual military age of seventeen he commenced his career as a soldier, in 217 b.c., the year in which Hannibal was laying waste the north of Italy, and throughout the remainder of the second Punic war he signalized himself by his hardiness and sobriety no less than by his valour. On the termination of the war he retired to his farm, and is said to have taken for a model the frugality and simple manners of the famous old Roman, Curius Dentatus, who once occupied an adjoining farm. Many of Cato's shrewd and laconic maxims became current among his neighbours, and at length his reputation attracted the attention of Valerius Flaccus, a young nobleman of considerable influence, who persuaded him to remove to Rome and to become a candidate for office. He was elected quæstor in 204 b.c., and served in Africa under Scipio, whose profuse expenditure excited his strong disapprobation, and who was afterwards violently denounced by him before the Roman senate. In 199 b.c. he was made ædile, and in the following year prætor, having Sardinia assigned him as his province. He was elected consul in 195 b.c., along with his friend and patron Valerius, and was appointed governor of Spain, where he conducted military operations with great ability and success, and was rewarded with a triumph on his return to Rome in 194 b.c. Three years later he served under the consul M. Acilius Glabrio in the campaign against Antiochus in Greece, and the
