and his name occupies the third place in the list of their venerated imams.—W. B.
HÖST, Jens Kragh, a Danish historian, was born in the year 1772. His works relate to the history, partly of other lands, partly of his own. Among the former class are several monographs of great interest, in which he has illustrated various foreign incidents and characters; and among the latter class may be mentioned his treatise on the life and reign of Christian VII., and a still more important and meritorious performance, under the title "Struensee and his Ministry." He died in 1844.—J. J.
* HOTHO, Heinrich Gustav, a German writer on art, was born 22nd May, 1802, at Berlin. He devoted himself to the study of the law, which, however, he deserted for the more congenial pursuits of literature and art. He is particularly distinguished as one of the most prominent followers of Hegel. In 1828 he obtained a chair in the university, and some years later was appointed one of the directors of the Royal picture gallery. His lectures on literature and æsthetics have met with general approbation; and his writings, though few in number, are of undoubted value, especially his "History of Painting in Germany and the Netherlands," 2 vols. He has also edited Hegel's Lectures on Æsthetics.—K. E.
HOTMAN, François, an eminent jurisconsult, was born at Paris in 1524, and educated at Orleans. He entered upon practice as a pleader at Paris, where his father was a parliamentary councillor, but he soon betook himself to the theory of law, and in 1546 or 1547 published his first work. Persecution against protestants then prevailed; and Hotman's curiosity to know more of those who suffered so patiently, led to his conversion. He sacrificed his brilliant prospects at once, and withdrew first to Lyons and then into Switzerland, where he became professor at Lausanne, lectured upon Cicero, and executed Latin versions of Plato, Aristotle, and Plutarch. About 1555 he became professor at Strasburg with great success. The great movements then occurring involved him in various negotiations. In 1563 he became professor at Valence, and in 1567 at Bourges. Civil war broke out, and he fled to Orleans. In 1570 he returned to Bourges for a little time, and then retired to Geneva. In 1578 he went to Basle, which he left in 1582 during an epidemic by which he lost his wife; but returned in 1589, "poor and sick," only to die. Through a chequered and stormy life his heart never failed, and he remained faithful to the principles he had embraced. His "Consolatio e Sacris Literis" was written in a time of deepest trouble. It would be impossible to give here a list of his works, fifty of which are enumerated by the editors of France Protestante. They relate to ancient and modern law; to historical, classical, and political matters; and to questions of religious controversy. His "Franco-Gallia," on the principles of the succession to the French throne, as advocating an elective monarchy, created an immense sensation, and has been well abused. Lord Molesworth translated it into English in 1711. His "De Furoribus Gallicis," on French persecutions, was published under a false name at Edinburgh in 1573, and at once translated into English. The "Brutum fulmen," in favour of Henry of Navarre, is a bitter satire on popery.—His son, Jean Hotman, was distinguished as an author and in public affairs. He died in 1636, aged eighty-four.—B. H. C.
HOTTINGER, John Henry, an eminent Swiss divine and orientalist, was born at Zurich 10th March, 1620; and after completing with great promise his theological course in his native city, was sent at the public expense to continue his studies in Geneva, France, and the Netherlands. He studied at Groningen under Gomar and Henry Alting, and in Leyden under Golius, in whose house he lived for some time as a private tutor. Under Alting and Golius his taste for oriental philosophy became strongly developed; and with the additional help of a Mahomedan scholar whom he met with at Leyden, he made rapid progress in the Eastern tongues. Before returning home he visited England, where he made the acquaintance of Usher, Pococke, Selden, Grotius, and other celebrated scholars and divines. In 1642 he was made professor of church history in Zurich; and in 1643 two other offices were added—that of catecheticks in the collegium humanitatis, and that of Hebrew in the Carolina seminary. In 1653 he was relieved of catecheticks, and was appointed to lecture on logic and rhetoric, on the Old Testament, and on polemics. In 1655 he was invited to Heidelberg as professor of the Old Testament and oriental languages, and there he laboured for six years side by side with Spanheim, to the great advantage of the university. In 1661 he returned to Zurich, and in the following year was made rector of the university, an office which he was invited to hold through a succession of years till his death, which took place in 1667, when by a lamentable accident he was drowned with his son and two daughters in the Limmat, at a short distance from Zurich. He was cut off in his forty-eighth year; but the number of works which he had already produced was prodigious, and had spread the fame of his learning over all Europe. They have all long ago been superseded by later writings in the same fields, and need not here be enumerated. What he aimed at chiefly was an improved method of interpreting the scriptures, founded upon a more exact and critical knowledge of their original tongues; but he rather collected together an improved philological apparatus for that end, than made any important progress in the work of interpretation itself. He was rather a collector than a critic. But his collections were made upon a field cultivated by few, and had the merit of making some real contributions to the stock of theological erudition.—P. L.
HOTTINGER, John James, son of John Henry Hottinger, was born at Zurich in 1652; and after discharging other functions, became professor of theology at Zurich in 1698, and attained to eminence in that office. He was a laborious student and a very prolific writer. His works are upon theology and church history. Of the former very few are now read, but his "Helvetische Kirchengeschichte" is by no means destitute of merit and usefulness. He died in 1735.—B. H. C.
HOTZE, David von, an Austrian general, born at Zurich about 1740, the son of a humble medical practitioner; became captain in the service of the duke of Wurtemberg; and after serving two years in Russia joined the Austrian army, and rapidly attained the grade of field-marshal lieutenant. He served under Wurmser against the French at the taking of Weissenburg, commanded the Austrian centre at the battle of Noresheim, and under the command of the Archduke Charles fought bravely at Wurtzburg. In 1799 he was opposed to Massena on the frontier of his native country, having command of the left wing of the archduke's army. He fell in a battle fought near Zurich on the 25th of September of that year.
HOUBIGANT, Charles François, was born at Paris in 1686, and died October 31, 1783. He entered the congregation of the Oratoire at the age of eighteen, and taught the belles-lettres, rhetoric, and philosophy at various places. In 1722 he was recalled to Paris, where he became afflicted with incurable deafness. This calamity withdrew him from public life, and he devoted himself to biblical studies. In 1732 he published a book of Hebrew roots, in which he maintains the uselessness and novelty of vowel points. In 1746 his "Prolegomena to Sacred Scripture" appeared. Two years later he brought out an edition of the Hebrew psalms, with numerous critical emendations. His great Hebrew Bible, with the Greek apocrypha of the Old Testament, followed in 1753-54 in four folio volumes. The Hebrew is without points, and is accompanied by a Latin translation. The text is that of Van der Hooght, and the variations are in the margin, &c. This work has been a good deal consulted by critics, but not much of late years; nor has it the reputation either of sound judgment, accuracy, or completeness. Father Houbigant executed and published some translations from the English. He left a number of works in manuscript, among which was a French translation of his own Latin version of the Bible. Another was the "Life of Cardinal de Berulle." For his edition of the Bible he was honoured by Benedict XIV. with a brief and a medal, while the French clergy awarded him a pension. He was capable of intense application to study, and is said to have been distinguished for his piety and amiability. Towards the close of his life he had a fall, by which his brain was affected; but even then the sight of a book was sufficient to calm and soothe him. He devoted part of his income to the foundation of a school near Chantilly.—B. H. C.
HOUBRAKEN, Arnold, a Dutch painter and author, born at Dort in 1660. He visited England for a short time, but settled in Amsterdam, and is now nearly exclusively known as the writer of a continuation of the Book of Painters of Van Mander, illustrated with some admirably engraved portraits of the artists by his son Jacob—"Groote Schouburg der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Skilderessen," in three parts, published in Amsterdam in 1718-19 and 1721. Houbraken died
