by a non-professional person, and frank as well as patriotic, the naval history was of course the object of much criticism, general and special; but its merits were and are universally admitted. A second edition appeared in 1826. In 1827 the author is said to have died. With additions by Captain Chamier, a third edition was published in 1847, and a fourth in 1859.—F. E.
JAMESON, Anna, writer on art and general literature, was born at Dublin in 1797. Under the guidance of her father, Mr. Murphy, a miniature painter of repute in his day, she received an excellent general education, and was carefully initiated in the principles and some of the technicalities of art. In early life she was a teacher. In 1824 she married Mr. R. S. Jameson, a barrister, who was subsequently appointed vice-chancellor of Canada. After a brief residence in that country a separation took place between Mrs. Jameson and her husband, and she returned to Europe and to a life of literary labour. She had already, in 1826, published notes of travel in France and Italy, under the title of "The Diary of an Ennuyèe," which was republished in 1834, in 4 vols. 12mo, as "Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad." "The Loves of the Poets" appeared in 1829; "Memoirs of Celebrated Female Sovereigns" in 1831; "Characteristics of Women," a series of studies of the female characters in Shakspeare, in 1832. This last was a work of a much higher character than any which she had previously written; and in it she first exhibited the power of subtle analysis which distinguished many of her subsequent works. It was quickly followed by a series of biographical sketches of "The Beauties of the Court of King Charles II.," 2 vols. 4to, 1833, &c., written to accompany engravings from copies made by her father of Lely's celebrated paintings in Hampton Court. "Sketches of Germany," 1837; "Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada," 1838; and translations of dramas by the Princess Amelia of Saxony, 1840, complete the list of her contributions to general literature. For some time previous, Mrs. Jameson's thoughts had been directed more specifically towards art. She had mixed more in art-circles, had become a frequent contributor of papers on art to the literary journals, and in the course of a residence in Germany had been deeply influenced by the principles of the great artists of the Munich and Düsseldorf schools. Henceforth it became her chief occupation to illustrate and elucidate the history and the principles of art. Her first avowed appearance as an art-critic was in her "Handbook to the Public Galleries of Art in and near London," 1842, which was followed in 1844 by a "Companion to the most celebrated Private Galleries of Art in London," and in 1845 by "Lives of the Early Italian Painters," 2 vols. 12mo, a pleasing series of sketches which originally appeared in the Penny Magazine: it was reprinted in a single thick volume in 1859. In 1846 appeared a volume of "Memoirs and Essays," also a republication of magazine articles; and in 1848 the first section of her "Sacred and Legendary Art," the most elaborate and important work she had yet undertaken. In its ultimate form this work comprised four large volumes, two being devoted to "Legends of the Saints and Martyrs as represented in Christian Art," and one each to the "Legends of the Monastic Orders," and the "Legends of the Madonna;" of the first of which a third, and of the other two second and improved editions have been published. In these volumes she opened a vein of thought and illustration new to the ordinary English reader; and being really the result of extended and conscientious inquiry, written in a clear and pleasing manner, with a colouring of quiet, earnest enthusiasm, and very prettily illustrated with etchings executed by herself, as well as with many wood-cuts, the work became, for its size and costliness, remarkably popular. Mrs. Jameson also published, in 1854, "A Common-Place Book of Thoughts, Memories, and Fancies." During much of the latter part of her life, Mrs. Jameson had been indefatigable in endeavouring to bring about what she regarded as an improvement in the social position, education, and occupations of women, and delivered several lectures and addresses on the subject. Of these two were published—"Sisters of Charity, Catholic and Protestant, at Home and Abroad," and the "Communion of Labour." She died March 17, 1860. Latterly, Mrs. Jameson had been in receipt of a pension, granted in consideration of her services to art and literature.—J. T—e.
JAMESONE, George, sometimes called the Scottish Vandyck, was the son of Andrew Jamesone, an architect, and was born at Aberdeen in 1586; he was the fellow-pupil of Vandyck with Rubens at Antwerp about 1616. But notwithstanding this advantage Jamesone never even approached either painter in any respect; he painted thinly, and his pictures are richly coloured; but they are more distinguished for their delicacy and softness than any other qualities. He found a valuable patron in Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy, for whom he executed many historical and other portraits, but for which he appears to have been paid at the small fixed price of twenty pounds Scots each; that is, only £1 13s. 4d., the Scotch pound being only twenty pence, or one-twelfth of a pound sterling. This was in 1635, when his fame was already established. Sir Colin seems to have taken him to Italy with him, as they travelled in company. Jamesone's portrait is in the painters' portrait gallery at Florence. He appears to have often painted his own portrait, and always with his hat on—there is a specimen at Cullen house. This may have been to commemorate the privilege granted him of wearing his hat by Charles I., when he sat to Jamesone at Edinburgh in 1633. Jamesone died in 1644, leaving his wife and family well provided for. There are several of his pictures in the two colleges of Aberdeen, and many Scotch families possess portraits by him; but the most considerable collection is at Taymouth, the seat of the marquis of Breadalbane, the descendant of Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy.—(Walpole, Anecdotes, &c.; Cunningham, Lives of the British Painters.)—R. N. W.
JAMESON, Robert, an eminent Scottish naturalist, was born at Leith on the 11th of July, 1774, and died in Edinburgh on the 19th of April, 1854. He was educated at the grammar-school of Leith and at the university of Edinburgh. He showed from a very early age a strong bias towards the study of natural history, and was for some time desirous of adopting a seafaring life, in order that he might have opportunities of seeing the natural productions of different regions of the earth; but he was dissuaded from this by his parents, and induced to study with a view to the medical profession. Although he never engaged in the practice of that profession, he pursued the course of study belonging to it in the university with great zeal, because of its connection with his favourite department of science. He studied chemistry under Black and Rotheram, and afterwards under Hope; anatomy under John Bell; and natural history under Walker, whom he assisted in the care of the college museum, and in some expeditions in the neighbouring seas, to collect marine animals by dredging. In 1793 he travelled to London to make himself acquainted with the natural history collections there. In 1794 he explored the Shetland Isles; in 1797 the Isle of Arran, whose remarkable geological features he was the first to make known; in 1798 the Hebrides, and in 1799 the Orkney isles; and in 1800 he published the results of these researches in his "Mineralogy of the Scottish Isles." In 1800 he went to Freiberg to study mineralogy and geology under the celebrated Werner, whose doctrines and system he was the first to introduce into Britain. He there learned how geological formations are characterized by the fossil remains which they imbed; and he acquired, what he afterwards communicated to many others, extraordinary skill in the method of distinguishing materials by means of their "external characters." In 1804, on the death of Walker, Jameson was appointed by the government regius professor of natural history in the university of Edinburgh; an office which he continued to hold for the remaining fifty years of his life. For a time after his appointment, he was, as might have been expected, an ardent defender of the doctrine of his master Werner—that all rocks, unstratified as well as stratified, were formed by deposition from water during a state of the world essentially different from the present—against the "Huttonian" doctrine, that the unstratified rocks were the products of fire, acting as it does in existing volcanoes, and that the visible changes in the earth's crust were the effects of causes resembling those now in operation. Nevertheless, Jameson was one of the first to yield to the evidence of facts in favour of the igneous origin of unstratified rocks; and he thus took a leading part in putting an end to the ferocious attacks of the "Neptunists" upon the "Vulcanists," and in establishing harmony among geologists. He was wont in after years to point out to his class the phenomenon which had brought conviction to his mind on this point—an erupted mass of trap on the face of Salisbury Crags, near Edinburgh, which contains imbedded in it fragments of the neighbouring sandstone. It has since been known by the name of the "Huttonian upthrow." The natural history museum of the university of Edinburgh had
