"Punch's Letters to his Son," "Punch's Complete Letter-writer," and "The Caudle Lectures;" besides numberless pleasant quips and brilliant scintillations, which were to be detected in nearly every number. The important share which the author of the "Rent Day" thus took in the undertaking, very largely helped to give it the popularity and wide circulation which it now enjoys. Mr. Jerrold was at the same time a contributor to Blackwood, the Athenæum, the Shilling Magazine, and the Illuminated Magazine, of the last two of which he was founder and editor; and in short, from 1841 to the day of his death, all his writings except "The Man made of Money" enriched the columns of serials or the weekly press. In the spring of 1852 Jerrold became, at the proprietor's request, editor of Lloyd's News, and in a pecuniary sense the concern proved beneficial to both parties. A liberal salary was given for the use of his name, and under his auspices the sale of the paper rose by thousands. Lloyd's News was destined to be the last enterprise with which Jerrold was connected. The illness which proved fatal to him was very short, but he had been ailing for some months before. He died at his house, Kilburn Priory, St. John's Wood, on the 8th June, 1857, aged fifty-four, and was interred at Norwood cemetery on the 15th, near the remains of his friend Blanchard. The funeral itself was strictly private; but a large number of persons attended the ground. The pall was borne by Mr. Dickens, Mr. Thackeray, Mr. M. Milnes, Mr. Forster, Sir Joseph Paxton, Mr. C. Knight, Mr. H. Mayhew, Mr. H. Dixon, and Mr. S. Brooks. Douglas Jerrold's works have been collected in eight volumes. "Few of his friends," writes Mr. Dickens to Mr. B. Jerrold, "I think, can have had more favourable opportunities of knowing him in his gentlest and most affectionate aspect than I have had. He was one of the gentlest and most affectionate of men. . . . . There was nothing cynical or sour in his heart as I knew it."—W. C. H.
JERUSALEM, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm, a German divine, was born at Osnabruck on the 22nd November, 1709, and died at Brunswick on the 2nd September, 1789. He studied at Leipsic and Leyden, and in 1740, after a visit to England, was appointed preacher to the court at Brunswick. Here he obtained several high preferments, and at last became vice-president of the consistory. To his influence with the court was due the foundation of the Collegium Carolinum at Brunswick, which under his direction soon attained a high place among the educational institutions of Germany. He was at a later period principal of a seminary for the training of protestant ministers. In this position, an ardent opponent of the materialistic philosophies, he zealously inculcated what was called "enlightened christianity." His sermons, in two volumes, and other religious works are the fruits of a well-cultivated and enlightened mind.—His son, Karl Wilhelm, destroyed himself, 29th October, 1772, at Wetzlar, where he was completing his legal studies at the imperial court of justiciary. An unhappy passion for a married lady was the motive of this melancholy deed, which has been made use of by Göthe as the framework for Werther.—K. E.
JERVAS, Charles, a portrait painter, born in Ireland about 1675. He studied under Sir Godfrey Kneller in London, visited Paris and Rome, settled in London in 1708, and died there in 1739. Though a respectable portrait painter and a good copyist, he was chiefly distinguished for his vanity and his good fortune. He married a widow with £20,000; and his natural self-conceit was greatly encouraged by his intimate friend and pupil, Pope, who has written an Epistle to Jervas full of silly flattery.—(Walpole, Anecdotes, &c.)—R. N. W.
JERVIS, John. See St. Vincent.
JESHUA or JESUS, son of Sirach, a Jew to whom the Book of Wisdom has been wrongly ascribed, but who was the author or compiler of Ecclesiasticus (chap. l. 27). This is one of the purest and best of the apocryphal books; but nothing certain is known of the period and life of its compiler. Two prologues are prefixed to the book in some copies; but they do not appear in the Arabic and Syriac, which also differ in other important details. The writer refers to Euergetes, king of Egypt, and to Simon, son of Onias the high priest; but it seems impossible to harmonize the references. In the opinion of De Wette, the work was written in Hebrew about 180 b.c., and translated into Greek by the author's grandson, 130 b.c.—B. H. C.
JEUNE. See Lejeune.
JEVON, Thomas, a dramatic author, who flourished in the reigns of Charles II. and James II. As an actor, however, and as a dancing-master, he attained to greater eminence than as an author, for only one of his comedies is known to survive, namely, "The Devil of a Wife," which appeared in 1686, was very successful, and proved in after years the germ of many other successful comedies written by other hands. Jevon was cut off in the prime of life, dying on the 26th December, 1688, in the thirty-sixth year of his age.—R. H.
JEWEL, John, Bishop of Salisbury, was born at Buden in Devonshire on the 22nd May, 1522. His family was old and respectable, but poor. In 1535 he entered Merton college, Oxford—the very year when Henry VIII. broke with the pope and commenced the Reformation—and his teacher at Merton, John Parkhurst, afterwards bishop of Norwich, early gained him over to the new doctrines. He was a distinguished student at Oxford; a zealous advocate for the revival of classical learning, and master of an elegant Latin style. In 1539 he removed to Corpus Christi college, and soon after taking his bachelor's degree, in 1540 was made reader in humanity and rhetoric to the juniors of that house. In 1544 he commenced master, and having been admitted a fellow, was appointed tutor of the college. He soon acquired much influence over the youth of the university on the side of the doctrines of Luther and Zwingle. When Peter Martyr came to Oxford in 1549 as king's professor of theology, Jewel became one of his most attached disciples, and shared zealously in his studies and his disputes with the papists. In a sermon which he preached before the university in 1550, on the occasion of his taking the degree of bachelor of divinity, he declared that the word of God was the only foundation of christianity; that the law of God was supreme overall laws and traditions of men; that the divine word is ever mighty and efficacious; and that when the word is wanting there is nothing but darkness and superstition. On the accession of Mary, he was made choice of as the most eloquent speaker in the university, to address the queen in a congratulatory speech; while as a pronounced adherent of the reformers he was deprived of his position and emoluments in Corpus Christi. When Cranmer and Ridley disputed in Oxford in 1554 with the Romish doctors, he acted as their secretary in recording the acts of the disputation. But the doctors of Rome had a mind not only to dispute with their opponents, but to burn them when they refused to be convinced; and when Jewel was threatened with the fire, his courage, like Cranmer's, for a time misgave him, and he consulted his safety by putting his hand to a number of articles drawn up by Dr. Marshall. But he found himself not only unhappy after this act, but as unsafe as before; and in the summer of 1555 he sought an asylum on the continent. He lived for some time at Frankfort, then at Strasburg and Zurich, in which last two cities he boarded in the house of Peter Martyr, who had the highest esteem for his character and learning. Zurich became a second home to him, and he was able, with the liberal support there extended to him, to undertake a journey to the university of Padua. On his return to England after the death of Mary, he was disappointed to find the ecclesiastical policy of Elizabeth and her councillors less decided than he had hoped, and he feared for some time that there was some intention on foot to introduce the Lutheran confession into England. But at last decided steps were taken in the direction which he approved; and when a general visitation of the church was ordained by parliament, Jewel was the commissioner sent into the west of England to carry it out in that quarter, a commission which occupied him for three months. He had scarcely finished this important work, when he was nominated by the crown to the see of Salisbury; and though he had often expressed himself strongly against the use of the episcopal vestments, he wisely determined, after consulting Martyr and Bullinger, not to allow things of a mere outward kind to stand in the way of his usefulness in so important an office, at a time when the interests of the Reformation were at stake. He was a most laborious bishop. Good preachers were few, and he supplied this lack of service by preaching in every part of the diocese himself. When at home, he gave up a part of his time to the training and preparation of young men for the ministry, and he was liberal with his purse in assisting the studies of others; among the latter was the illustrious divine, Richard Hooker. Having consented to wear the episcopal vestments himself, it was natural that he should have little sympathy with those puritans who carried on so zealously the war against them. He disapproved of their tenacity upon this point, however much he esteemed them otherwise;
