received five wounds, and his horse seventeen. So many dead bodies were thrown into the Nile that a bridge constructed by the crusaders was actually blocked up by them. The army was obliged to retreat, and Joinville narrowly escaped being murdered, when taken prisoner in the galley where he sought refuge. A "bon Sarrasin" saved his life when the knife was at his throat, and, seeing that he was ill, took care of him. A Saracen remedy also cured his disease; and with the king and the other prisoners he was put to ransom. To the king his advice was no less valuable than his sword. When the sum agreed upon for the ransom of St. Louis came to be made up, there were still wanting thirty thousand livres, and Joinville gave the bold counsel of demanding them from the commander of the templars. The templar refused; and our good knight of Champagne went himself, and demanding the keys of the treasure chest, provided the needful sum for the king's release. From Egypt Joinville followed the king to Syria, and there in the king's council opposed the king's return to Europe, although the courtiers were exasperated at his temerity. With a chivalry that he seems to have inherited by instinct, he declared that no christian could return with honour so long as any of those who had come on the same crusade remained prisoners in the hands of the infidels. The king was overcome by his argument, and resolved to remain; whereupon Joinville made with him various journeys through the cities of Palestine, and contributed no little to relieve St. Louis' many anxieties and cares. To him the king confided the care of his queen, and Joinville became in an honourable sense the queen's knight. His ready wit, his knowledge of courts, and the chivalry of his character, rendered him a man of note even in the presence of the highest rank. He returned to France after six years of absence, and there devoted himself to the care of his estates. At the court of the king he was always a welcome guest, and thither he often repaired. In 1270 St. Louis determined on another expedition, but Joinville refused to accompany him, alleging that the evils to France in consequence of absence were greater than the good to Palestine. King Louis went and perished, and Joinville was one of those called on to give their testimony regarding his canonization. He declared on oath that during the thirty-four years in which he had known the king, he had never heard him speak a word of detraction. He lived to a great age, and saw no less than six kings of France. The precise date of his death has not been ascertained, but it probably took place in 1317. In 1853 the council-general of Haute-Marne decreed a bronze statue to his memory. Joinville's chronicle, entitled "The Life of St. Louis, ninth of the name, King of France," appears to have been written in his very old age. It is little less than a marvel of composition, and has never been excelled for the wonderful simplicity and pathos with which he narrates events. In person he was of almost gigantic stature, and endowed with a robust strength and overflowing good-nature, that formed a striking contrast to the pale and dreamy asceticism of St. Louis.—P. E. D.
JOLY, Claude, a French theologian, was born at Paris in 1607, as Du Pin says, "of a family wherein he found illustrious examples of erudition and piety." In 1631 he became canon of the cathedral of Paris, in which post "the reading and meditating upon the scriptures and the fathers," filled up all the time which was not devoted to his religious duties. He attended at Munster as the adviser of the duke de Longueville, and afterwards visited Rome to seek for peace in a time of civil commotion. He was three times appointed to discharge judicial functions in the archiepiscopal court of Paris. Joly was much respected by his contemporaries, and died in 1700 at the age of ninety-three. According to his biographers, he chiefly studied authors of the middle ages, and particularly French historians, and was well versed in theology, law, and other departments. His writings which are numerous, both in Latin and in French, were mostly originated by special circumstances. His style was vigorous, but somewhat harsh, and without ornament and affectation.—There was another Claude Joly, born in 1610, who died in 1678, and who was eminent as a preacher.—B. H. C.
JOLY, Guy, a French historian, nephew of Claude Joly. In 1652 he was syndic of the annuitants of the Hotel de Ville, and attached himself to Cardinal De Retz, whose fortunes he shared. His volume of "Memoirs" to elucidate those of the cardinal was published in 1718. He was also employed by the court to examine the documents relative to the queen's right to the duchy of Brabant, and published a volume on the subject.
JOLY, Marie Elizabeth, a French actress, born April, 1761. In 1781 she made her début at Paris as Dorine in Tartuffe, and was immediately successful. The parts of the servants in the plays of Molière she rendered with unusual effect, and was no less happy in tragedy—her Athalie sharing the attention of the Parisians with the tremendous events of 1790. With many of her colleagues she was imprisoned, and only regained her liberty by consenting to join the company of the Theatre de la Republique. Again denounced and imprisoned, her health gave way; and after a short return to the stage, she died in May, 1798, deeply regretted as one of the first ornaments of her profession.—P. E. D.
JOLY, Philippe Louis, a French author, born at Dijon in 1712; died in August, 1782. He was canon of a church at Dijon; and among other works wrote critical remarks on Bayle's Dictionary, highly esteemed for their learning and research; a "Treatise on French Versification;" a "Life of Postel;" and "New Historical Memoirs, Literary and Critical," as a continuation to those of the Abbé d'Artigny.—P. E. D.
JOLY de Bevy, Louis P. Joseph, a French writer on religious subjects, born at Dijon in 1736; died there in 1822. He occupied the office of magistrate, but on account of some animadversions on the states-general of Burgundy, was compelled to resign. He published a translation of Thomas á Kempis; a treatise on prayer; another on the new church of France; one on nobility; and translated part of Burke's Essay on the French Revolution.—P. E. D.
JOLY de Fleury, Guillaume François, a French advocate, born at Paris in 1675; died in 1756. In 1705 he was advocate-general to the parliament of Paris, and in 1717 succeeded Chancellor D'Aguesseau as procureur-general. He undertook the meritorious work of putting in order the registers of the parliament, and opened up quite a new mine of lore in the documents he brought to light. He did the same for the rolls of parliament—unknown till his time—and superintended the classification and elucidation of the charters. The saying went, that if the laws of France were lost they would be found in the head of Joly de Fleury.—P. E. D.
JOMARD, Edmé François, a French engineer and geographer, was born at Versailles on the 22nd of November, 1777. He formed part of the scientific expedition which accompanied the French army to Egypt, and contributed to the preparation of the great work in which the fruits of their researches are recorded. He was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, founder of the Geographical Society of Paris, and wrote various memoirs on the astronomical antiquities of Egypt. He died 28th September, 1862.—R.
JOMELLI, Nicolo, a musician, was born at Aversa in the kingdom of Naples in 1714; he died at Naples, August 28, 1774. He was first taught music by Muzillo, a canon in his native town; in 1730 he went to Naples, and studied there successively in the Conservatorio degli Poveri di Gesu Criste, and in that of Piéta di Turchini, with Proto, Mangini, Feo, and Leo for his masters. His first public essay in composition was a comic opera called "L'Errore amoroso," produced at Naples in 1737, respecting which he was so diffident that he announced it under the assumed name of Valentino; and he only avowed himself to be its author, when its unexpected success gave him confidence to do so. He was invited to compose for Rome in 1740, and for Bologna in 1741; there he placed himself under the instruction of Padre Martini, to whose lessons particularly he attributed his sound contrapuntal knowledge. In 1745 Jomelli went to Vienna, where he remained eighteen months, produced several operas, and made the friendship of Metastasio. He returned to Naples in 1746, and went to Venice in 1747, where he was appointed principal of a conservatorio, which must have been an honorary office, since he was again in Naples in 1748. He wrote, however, a Laudate for double choir for his conservatorio, which is the first work of his that is known in this class of composition. Jomelli went to Rome in 1749, and in the April of this year he was appointed maestro di capella at St. Peters, which office he held until May, 1754. To give peculiar solemnity to the celebration of Holy-week, in 1751, Jomelli, Perez, and Durante each set the Lamentations for successive performance on the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, a competition that excited great interest. In fulfilment of his ecclesiastical office Jomelli also wrote a Requiem, a Te Deum, and four oratorios, which are much extolled. In 1754 he was engaged as kapellmeister by the
