education of the Hindoo mind necessarily carried along with it the subversion of the native superstitions; and also in the hope that he might thus most surely and speedily raise up a native agency, capable of preaching the gospel to their countrymen with advantages which no European could possess. The full exposition of his plan, with the grounds on which it proceeded, was first given by himself in a speech before the general assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1835, which for the clearness of its reasoning, the comprehensiveness of its views, and the singular pathos of some of its descriptions and appeals, has seldom been surpassed, and produced on his audience an extraordinary impression. Many other speeches and addresses have since been delivered by him, scarcely less distinguished for their deep insight into the religious state of India, their practical sagacity, and fervid eloquence. At the disruption of the Church of Scotland in 1843 Dr. Duff joined the Free Church, and founded another institution in Calcutta on the same principles as that over which he originally presided. The principles embodied in these institutions, coupled with the high mental powers associated with them in the person of their founder, and their ascertained results, seem destined to exercise an important influence on missionary operations generally in the East.—P. F.
* DUFFERIN, Frederick Temple Blackwood, fourth baron, born June, 1826. He is the only issue of the late baron and Selina, Lady Dufferin, and succeeded to the title July 21, 1841. He perpetuates the talents which distinguished his maternal ancestry, and has published "Letters in High Latitudes," being an account of a yacht voyage to Iceland in 1856, which display ability and powers of observation.—W. J. F.
* DUFFERIN, Selina, Lady, is the daughter of the late Thomas Sheridan, Esq., and married, July 4th, 1825, the Hon. Price Blackwood, then a captain in the royal navy, and subsequently third Baron Dufferin. We do not often find talent perpetuated throughout successive generations; but in the family from which Lady Dufferin lineally descends it is impossible not to be forcibly struck by the singularly unfailing hereditary transmission of mental power. Lady Dufferin is the sister of the Hon. Mrs. Norton, and both are the granddaughters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who was himself the third or fourth illustration of the proverbial talent of his family. The Irish ballads and lyrics of Lady Dufferin appeal powerfully to the heart; they are sometimes exceedingly beautiful, and always racy of the soil. The most effective are probably "Terence's Farewell," and "The Irish Emigrant's Lament." Like Moore, she sings her own songs with exquisite taste and feeling, and Mr. Lover thinks that Moore alluded to her when he wrote—
" Beauty may boast of her eyes and her cheeks,
But love from the lip his true archery wings;
And she who but feathers the shaft when she speaks,
At once sends it home to the heart when she sings."
DUFOUR, Leon, a distinguished French entomologist. He was at one time physician to the third corps of the French army in Spain. Has was a member of the Natural History Society of Paris, and a corresponding member of the Institute. For many years he devoted himself entirely to the subject of entomology, and his numerous papers appeared in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, and in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of France. The titles of eighty-nine of these papers are given in Agassiz and Strickland's Bibliography of Zoology published by the Ray Society. He published, in 1833, "Anatomical and Physiological Researches upon the Hemiptera, accompanied by considerations relative to the natural history and classification of these insects." It was accompanied with nineteen illustrative plates. He died in 1865.—E. L.
DUFRENOY, Adelaide, a French poetess, born at Nantes in 1765; died in 1825. Married to a wealthy official, both were reduced to misery by the great Revolution. Obliged to accept a small place at Alexandria in Piedmont, M. Dufrenoy became blind, and his accomplished wife resigned her Latin and English studies to copy law papers, which it was her husband's duty to register. During leisure hours she relieved her sorrow by writing elegies, which, having their source in true feeling, and conveyed in beautiful language, excited sympathy and admiration. Napoleon conferred on her a pension, and enabled her to return to Paris, where some of the most eminent persons of the time courted her society. Besides her elegies, she published prose tales and educational books. Out of gratitude to the emperor, she followed Maria Louisa to Cherbourg on the eve of her husband's abdication.—J. F. C.
* DUFRENOY, Pierre Armand, a distinguished French geologist and mineralogist, was born at Sevran in France in 1792. His early studies were carried on at the lycée imperial, and in 1811 he was admitted a pupil of the école polytechnique. In 1813 he entered the corps of mining engineers, In this department he had an opportunity of indulging his taste for the study of geology and mineralogy. One of the most important labours of his life has been the production, in conjunction with M. Elie de Beaumont, of a general geological map of France. This work was many years in preparation, and was published in 1841. It was accompanied by an explanation in three volumes quarto. The eastern districts of France, with Savoy and Piedmont, were surveyed by M. Elie de Beaumont, whilst M. Dufrenoy performed all the work of the western districts. In 1837 M. Dufrenoy visited England, charged by the government with a mission to visit and report upon the hot-blast furnaces. On his return he published a report on the metallurgical industry of England. He has also devoted considerable attention to the volcanic strata of France, and has published a work on the relation of the tertiary to the volcanic strata of Auvergne. He has also investigated with great care the geology of the Pyrenees, and published several papers thereon. His contributions to other departments of geology are very numerous and important. He is a member of the Academy of Sciences, director of the school of mines, commander of the legion of honour, and professor of mineralogy at the imperial school of mines, and also professor of geology in the école des ponts et chaussées.—E. L.
DUFRESNE. See Du Cange.
DUFRESNY, Charles Riviere, comic writer, was born in Paris in 1648, and died in 1724. He was descended from La Belle Jardiniere, the mistress of Henry IV., and was appointed, out of deference to his royal blood, valet de chambre to Louis XIV., whose own illegitimate children were graced with the highest titles of nobility. His love of pleasure was such that he would make any sacrifice for ready money. The king granted him a monopoly of glass manufacture, which authorized him to levy a handsome annuity on the glassmakers; but they got rid of the exaction by a round sum, not to be resisted. Finding that his washer-woman possessed some savings, he married her, and spent the money. His fame as an author rests chiefly on his connection with the highly-talented comic writer Regnard, in some of whose popular pieces he shared. Montesquieu is said to have taken the hint of his Persian Letters from a pleasant little work of Dufresny.—J. F. C.
DUGARD, William, a learned schoolmaster, was born at Bromsgrove in Worcestershire in 1605. He was removed from a school in Worcester to Sidney college, Cambridge, where in 1626 he took the degree of B.A., and in 1630 that of M.A. Appointed master of Stamford school in Lincolnshire, he was after a few years placed at the head of the free-school at Colchester. This situation he resigned in 1643, and in the following year became head master of Merchant Taylors' school. Here his talents as a teacher gained him great popularity; but his successful career was terminated in 1650, when, for showing too great an affection to the royal cause, and especially for printing an edition of Salmasius' Defence of Charles I. at a press in his own house, he was deprived of his school and sent to Newgate. After regaining his liberty he opened a private school, but was soon afterwards restored to his former position by the same council of state which had sent him to prison. It is said that this council, along with Milton, took advantage of his unhappy circumstances to force him into their employment. Among other things, they made him print Milton's Answer to Salmasius. Dugard continued at the head of Merchant Taylors' school till about 1662, when he was again dismissed. Upon this he opened a school in Coleman Street, but death in a short time put a period to his labours and sorrows. Dugard published a lexicon of the Greek Testament; "Rhetorices Compendium;" "Lucani Samosatensis Dialogorum Selectorum libri duo, cum Interpretatione," &c.; and a Greek grammar.—R. M., A.
DUGAS, Montbel, born at St. Chamond in 1776; died in 1834. Educated at Lyons. For a while in the army. His family were engaged in commerce, and he left the army to join them in business. He had to visit Paris occasionally, and thus formed an intercourse with literary men. He produced a vaude-
