his age. While his great work has ever been regarded as an insult to Christianity and all the religious convictions of man, his attractive manners and profound learning gained for him the love and admiration of his contemporaries.—W. L. M.
DUPUIS, Thomas Saunders, Mus. Doc., was in 1733 born in England, though his parents were natives of France. His father held some situation at court under George II., and this probably was the reason why his son was placed in the chapel royal. The first rudiments of his education were received from Bernard Gates. He afterwards became a pupil of Travers, at that time organist of the king's chapel, and for whom in the early part of his life he officiated as deputy. On the death of Dr. Boyce in 1779, Dupuis was appointed organist and composer to the chapel royal; and it is probable, says one of his biographers, "that the bishop of London (South) never exercised his taste and judgment more properly than by appointing so worthy a man to so respectable a situation." In 1784 he was nominated one of the assistant-directors of the commemoration of Handel; and in 1790 was admitted to the degree of doctor in music by the university of Oxford. He died, in consequence of taking an excessive dose of opium, at his house in Park Lane on the 17th of June, 1796. Dr. Dupuis published several compositions, among which his "Organ Pieces" and two "Sets of Chants" are the most valuable; but his reputation is more permanently based on his services and anthems, written for the use of the king's chapel—a selection of which was printed after his death, in two handsome volumes, by his pupil and friend, John Spencer, Esq., son-in-law and nephew to the late duke of Marlborough. Great knowledge and taste are more conspicuous in Dr. Dupuis' compositions than any great brilliancy of genius; but they are by no means deficient in invention, though this was curbed by his devotedness to the school of music in which he had been educated, and of which he was to the last a most uncompromising defender.—E. F. R.
DUPUYTREN, Guillaume, Baron, a celebrated French surgeon, was born at Pierre Buffière in Limousin on the 6th of October, 1777. His parents were in very humble circumstances, and his early education was not only much neglected, but was of a kind to account for the defects in this otherwise great man's character. Neither his father nor mother seemed to have exerted any influence on the self-willed and imperious character of the boy. As a child his very appearance attracted attention; and when he was only three years old, whilst playing in the streets of his native village, he was stolen by a lady of rank who was travelling past, but eventually recovered at Toulouse. His early studies were pursued at the college of Magnac-Laval. Another street encounter had a more decided influence on his career. When twelve years old a captain of cavalry, named Keffer, accidentally saw him in the streets, and was so struck with his appearance and charmed with his conversation, that he offered to take him to Paris, and place him in the college de la Marche, of which his brother was principal. Here young Dupuytren made a very splendid career, carrying off all the prizes. He left Paris in 1793, travelling to Limoges, where his parents now lived, on foot, with his knapsack on his back. He wished to be a soldier, but his father thought he saw in him a qualification for surgery, and sent him back to Paris without a sous to make his way to fortune in the road he had marked out. At first he lived as a kind of pensioner in the college de la Marche; but when he became more independent, he shared a room with a fellow-student, the furniture of which consisted of three chairs, a table, and one bed, on which the fellow-students alternately refreshed themselves. For many months they lived on nothing but bread and water. During this time he studied surgery in the wards of La Charitè, anatomy under Boyer, and chemistry under Vauquelin and Bouillon Lagrange. The period was an exciting one in Paris, and the humblest felt the stimulating influence of a clear stage and no favour. Dupuytren felt he had the ability, and determined that no effort on his part should be wanting to rise to the top of his profession. His purpose was firm, his labours incessant, and in due time he became not only the first surgeon in Paris but in Europe, and amassed perhaps the largest fortune ever attained by a medical man in the practice of his profession. In the month Trimaire of the year 3 (1794) of the republic of France, a new school of medicine was founded under the direction of the celebrated Fourcroy. The offices were filled up by concours, and Dupuytren became a candidate for the post of prosector. This he obtained against six competitors. He was subsequently unsuccessful when contending for the office of chef des travaux anatomique, which was obtained by Dumeril. The latter, however, was soon after appointed to the professorship of anatomy, and the post was given to Dupuytren. His position was now made, and all that was required was to avail himself of the opportunities afforded by his position of gaining further knowledge. He soon saw the direction in which most was to be done. Morbid anatomy had only been cultivated by a few great observers, and had yet to be made the basis of medical and surgical teaching. He devoted himself to pathological anatomy, more especially in connection with surgery, and it was in this field that he gained his great reputation as a pathologist, and that profound knowledge of diseased conditions, which made him the most accomplished surgeon of the age. Dupuytren was never a great writer. Ever busily engaged in observation, he left it to his pupils to make known his views, as he enunciated them in his oral discourses. Thus, the work of M. Marandel, on Irritation, published in 1809, contains a resumé of his pathological views at that time. In the same way, at a subsequent period, a society of young medical men in Paris united together to publish the famous "Leçons Orales," which appeared in four volumes in 1832. On the occasion of his graduation in 1803, he wrote a thesis on some points of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology, which is a remarkable indication of the advanced views he held at a very early period of his career. He also published many papers in the Bulletin de la Faculté de Médecine de Paris from 1804 to 1821. He was made assistant-surgeon to the Hotel Dieu in 1803 after concours, and obtained the professorship of operative surgery, after the death of Sabbatier in 1811, in the same manner. In 1815 he was appointed to the chair of clinical surgery, which he held till his death. The assiduity with which he performed the duties of his public offices, was as remarkable as his early perseverance amidst unusual difficulties. He visited his patients every morning at the Hotel Dieu at five o'clock. Here he remained till nine o'clock, making post mortem examinations, and delivering his early morning clinical lecture. In the evening he again returned at six o'clock, visiting the worst cases and performing any necessary operations. These duties he never omitted winter or summer, in sickness or in health. This he did at the moment he had the largest private practice in Europe. The iron resolution with which he performed these duties astonished all who came in contact with him. But even his well-knit frame gave way. On the 5th of November, 1833, he was seized with apoplexy, which left behind it a slight paralysis. He visited Naples, and returned to his duties in May, 1834. He struggled on, but with diminished power, till the 8th of February, 1835, when he died from exhaustion. His intellectual faculties were clear to his end; and the night before he died, aware of his approaching end, he requested that the medical journals might be read to him, in order "that he might carry the latest news of disease to the next world." The influence of Dupuytren cannot be indicated by high discoveries or inventions. His views of disease were in advance, and all his treatment partook of this character, so that all surgery felt his influence. His cases and clinical lectures were published in France, England, Germany, Italy, wherever there were intelligent men to appreciate his views. Students flocked to his clinique by hundreds, for in him they saw the type of the surgeon. Although he said but little at the bedside, his method of examining his patients, his look, and manner were significant, and when operations had to be performed, he possessed all those qualifications of coolness, manual dexterity, ready resource in difficulty, which perhaps in no human position are seen to so great advantage as in the difficult operations of the surgeon.—E. L.
DUQUESNE, Abraham, a naval officer, distinguished in the history of France, was born at Dieppe in 1610. His father, who was a shipmaster, gave him the advantages of a careful training in his profession, and the spirit of the young sailor laid the foundation of his future eminence by diligently improving them. The war with Spain presenting opportunity of distinction, and the death of his father, who fell in an encounter with the Spaniards, inflaming him with a keen and inextinguishable hatred to that nation, he plunged into the conflict with an ardour which speedily brought his courage and abilities into notice. He commanded the vessel which attacked the ship of the Spanish admiral in the engagement near Gattari in 1639; led the vanguard of the French fleet in the expedition to Corunna; distin-
