he was removed to Queen's college, Oxford. Having afterwards become tutor to the only son of the duke of Somerset, he amused his leisure hours in adapting Milton's Comus to the stage. This he did by inserting songs and passages from some of the other works of the great poet, and by additions from his own elegant pen. The performance being set to music by the celebrated Dr. Arne, became a popular dramatic entertainment. Dalton also, much to his credit, sought out Milton's granddaughter, whose old age was overwhelmed with extreme poverty, and procured her the proceeds of a benefit, which fortunately amounted to £130. After this he took orders, and was presented to the living of St. Mary-at-Hill, and to a prebend at Worcester. He published a volume of sermons, a descriptive poem, &c.—R. M., A.
DALTON, Michael, an English lawyer, was born in 1554, and died probably before the commencement of the civil war. He was bred to his profession in Gray's inn. The most noted action of his life was his defence of episcopacy in the house of commons in 1592, when it was attacked by the puritans. Dalton was the author of a work "On the Office of Justice of the Peace," which was then as great an authority as that of Burn is at present. His "Duty of Sheriffs" was also held in high estimation. There is an unpublished work of his in the British Museum, "On the Western Empire and the Papacy."—R. M., A.
DALTON, Richard, an English artist of the middle of last century, who, from a mere coachmaker's painter, rose, by his success in drawing, painting, and engraving, to deserve and obtain the patronage of George III., who appointed him his librarian and keeper of his prints and medals. Dalton's chief claim to the gratitude of his country and the artistical world is, that he brought the celebrated engraver, Bartolozzi, to England, and secured for him notice and favour. His publications on Constantinopolis, on the antiquities of Greece and Egypt, and of some of the works of Leonardo and Holbein, deserve special praise. He died in 1791.—R. M.
DALYELL, Sir John Graham, a distinguished naturalist living for many years in Edinburgh, to the literature of which city, as well as to that of the scientific world at large, he contributed many valuable productions. He died in 1851, at the age of seventy-four. His earliest contributions to natural history date back as far as 1814, when he made some "Observations on interesting phenomena exhibited by several species of Planariæ." In 1834 he read a paper before the British Association "On the Propagation of certain Scottish zoophytes." His other papers are chiefly on the lower forms of animal life, and bear evidences of close and patient investigation. The chief of these are—"On a singular mode of Propagation among the lower animals;" "On the Regeneration of lost Organs discharging the functions of the Head and Viscera, by Holothuria and Amphitrite, two marine animals;" "On the Reproduction of the Virgularia or Pennatula mirabilis." He also contributed a paper on "Animalcules," and other articles, to the Edinburgh Encyclopedia. After his death two volumes of his papers were published in 4to, under the title of "Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland." This work was illustrated, and contains a great many original observations on marine animals of the highest importance. In other departments of letters Sir John was no less active. He published "Fragments of Scottish History," 1798; "Scottish Poems of the Sixteenth Century," 1801; "Illustrations of Scottish History," 1806; "Monastic Antiquities," 1809. Sur John Dalyell was an enthusiastic lover of natural history, and encouraged its teaching and study wherever he had opportunity.—E. L.
DALYELL, Thomas, a military officer who has obtained an unenviable reputation in Scottish history and tradition, in consequence of the severities he inflicted upon the covenanters, was born in the year 1599. He was descended from an old family, and was the son of Thomas Dalyell, laird of Binns in West Lothian. He entered the service of Charles I., and after the death of that monarch, attached himself to his son, Charles II. He held the rank of major-general in the Scottish army which Charles led into England in 1751, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester. His estates were forfeited, and he was excepted from the general act of indemnity. He succeeded, however, in making his escape from the Tower, and, proceeding to Russia, obtained a commission as lieutenant-general in the army of Alexis Michaelowitch. His natural brutality appears to have been greatly aggravated by the Muscovite service, in which he became inured to torture, pillage, and blood. Dalyell returned home after the Restoration, and was appointed by Charles II., commander-in-chief of the royal forces in Scotland. In this capacity he attacked the insurgent covenanters at a place called Rullion Green, near Edinburgh, and totally routed them. After this victory he scoured the shires of Ayr, Dumfries, and Galloway, inflicting the most shocking cruelties on the defenceless peasantry, without distinction of sex or age. General Dalyell's personal appearance was very remarkable, and his habits eccentric. His beard, which he never shaved after the execution of Charles I., hung down, white and bushy, almost to his girdle; and his dress and figure were so singular, that when he repaired to London he was usually followed by a crowd of boys. He died in 1685.—J. T.
DALZELL, Andrew, a celebrated Greek scholar, was born at the village of Ratho, near Edinburgh, about 1750. Coming to the Scottish capital, he applied himself with so much zeal to study, especially to the study of the classical languages, that he ultimately gained the appointment of professor of the Greek language in the university. He likewise became keeper of the university library, and one of the secretaries of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was the first layman elected to the office of principal clerk to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Dalzell was very successful as a professor. For a long period the study of the Greek language had been much neglected in Scotland; but under the influence of Dalzell's teaching a considerable change was produced. The study of Greek became popular amongst the youths who listened to his eloquent lectures; and to the enthusiasm then awakened may be attributed, in a considerable degree, the increased amount of attention which is now paid to classical studies in Scotland. For the purpose of facilitating the labours of his students, Dalzell published, at a great expense, a series of excerpts from the Greek classics. These he enriched with valuable notes. They are entitled "Analecta Græca Minora, cum Notis Philologicis," and "Collectanea Græca Majora." He also translated and illustrated Chevalier's Description of the Plain of Troy; and contributed papers to the Transactions of the Edinburgh Royal Society. Dalzell was a correspondent of Heyne and of other eminent continental scholars. He died in December, 1806.—R. M., A.
DAMAS, François-Etienne, a French general, born in 1764, and died in 1828. Appointed aid-de-camp to Meunier in 1792, he distinguished himself in most of the combats and sieges that took place in the campaigns on the Prussian frontier. In 1798 he followed Kleber into Egypt, where, after fighting at the head of his regiment in several engagements, he was raised to the rank of a general of division; and, after the death of Kleber, received the command of a province in Upper Egypt. After his return to Europe, he was employed by Murat, now grand duke of Berg, and served in the Russian campaign. The Restoration replaced him in the office of inspector-general of infantry, which he had held during the Hundred Days.—R. M., A.
DAMAS, Joseph-François-Louis-Charles, Comte de, son of the marquis de Damas d'Antigny, a French general, born in 1758; died in 1829. Damas, though he had fought in the American war of independence, was a devoted royalist. He was arrested with Louis XVI. at Varennes, and imprisoned at Verdun. Liberated on the signing of the constitution by the king, he followed the count of Ravenna, afterwards Louis XVIII., into Italy, by whom, after the Restoration, he was amply rewarded for his long and faithful services.—R. M., A.
DAMAS, Roger, Comte de, a French general, brother of the preceding, was born in 1765, and died in 1823. When the war broke out between Russia and Turkey, young Damas enlisted in the army of the former, and distinguished himself so highly that he received a flattering letter from the Empress Catherine II., conferring upon him the cross of St. George with the title of colonel. Afterwards he fought against the French republic in the campaigns which marked the close of last century. He also joined the Neapolitans, and used his sword for some time in Italy. After the Restoration he was made lieutenant-general by Louis XVIII., who employed him on various occasions.—R. M., A.
DAMASCENUS, Joannes—called also Chrysorrhoas by the Greeks on account of his eloquence—a voluminous ecclesiastical writer, flourished during the first half of the eighth century. He derived his surname from Damascus, his native town. Joannes succeeded his father Sergius as privy councillor to the caliph; but, having been educated by an Italian monk named Cosmas, he discovered a strong inclination for the study of ecclesiastical matters, and latterly, quitting the Saracen court.
