afterwards served as clerk of assize, in which office he gained that knowledge of the law and the administration of justice which afterwards was so valuable to him as member of the diet. He was first elected in 1809, after which time he continued uninterruptedly to represent his district; and indeed, so greatly did the public confidence in his integrity and ability increase, that finally he was elected for seven and twenty districts, exercising, by the decision of his character and the acuteness of his judgment, great influence in the diets of 1828-30 and 1834-35. Greatly reduced in his circumstances, his later years were gloomed by anxiety, and he died at his estate of Forsbäck, near Götheborg, on April 27, 1839.—M. H.
* DANIELSON, Daniel Cornelius, principal physician of St. Jörgens and Lungegaard's hospitals in Bergen, born in Bergen on July 4, 1815, has acquired a great celebrity by his careful and interesting study of Norwegian leprosy, on which subject, in conjunction with Professor W. Boeck of Christiania, he published his work on Leprosy—"Om Spedalskhed," Christiania, 1847; and "Samling af Jagttagelser om Hudens Sygdomme" (Collection of facts relative to skin diseases), Christiania, 1855. Danielson is also known for his researches in natural history. In connection with M. Sars and J. Koren he has published "Fauna Littoralis Norvegiæ;" and in connection with M. Sars "Bidrag til Pectinibranchiernes Udviklingshistore," 1851; and with J. Koren, "Zoologiska Bidrag." During the visit of Prince Napoleon to Bergen in 1856, he was made a knight of the legion of honour.—M. H.
DANISCHVAR, born in 600; a Persian historian, called "the Father of the oral and poetical history of the kings of Persia." There are many points of comparison between Homer and the Persian epic poet Danischvar; our space precludes us from entering upon the parallel, which would deserve a separate essay. One coincidence, however, may be noticed as to the martial enthusiasm the verses of both poets inspire. The Persian soldiery when about to engage in combat are accustomed to sing aloud certain passages of the Shah-Nameh, collected by Danischvar; which practice has the effect of inspiriting them to absolute fury, as the verses of Homer did the warriors of Greece, or, as the Runic lays of the Skalds were wont to animate the fierce Berserkars of old Norway. Danischvar's work is a series of oral traditions and poems, containing the "History of Persia from Kioomurs to Yesdejird;" that is, from the earliest times to the conquest of that empire by the Arabs. Danischvar lived in the time of Yesdejird, the last emperor of the Sassanides, who took steps to secure the perfection of the new plan on which the leading traditions, as collected by Danischvar, had been arranged. The writings of these oral traditions are in Pehler, the most celebrated of the dialects of ancient Persia; with a copious glossary of the obsolete and technical Zend and Deri terms. In 851 Jacoub, the reigning shah of Persia, had Danischvar's collection translated into Persian, and thereby rendered a signal service to the students of eastern literature, the difficulties of which have been greatly lightened by the immortal Abool Kasim Firdousee's Shah-Nameh—a heroic poem, or rather a series of poems, on Persian history, carefully collated with a number of Danischvar's oldest and best MSS., and illustrated by an admirable versification; also with an appendix containing the interpolated episodes found in Danischvar's different manuscripts.—Ch. T.
DANNECKER, Heinrich von, born in 1758 at Stuttgard; died there in 1836. He is the German sculptor who, amongst those of modern times, has led the most successful career with comparatively the least amount of talent. On his first start in life he was made court-sculptor at Stuttgard, in which capacity he was sent to Paris to complete his studies under Pajou; and thence to Rome, where he is said to have received instruction from Canova. Expectation was honoured in Dannecker as scarcely the most complete performance ever was in other less fortunate men. His progress from town to town, from one country to another, was a series of ovations. The most distinguished amateurs vied with each other in aping the blind patronage of dukes and kings. Amongst the many works that such a run of favour gave him opportunity to produce, the one which is best known, and which recapitulates in itself all the merits and faults of his style, is the "Ariadne" at Frankfort. A plump female of massive forms, reposing in a kind of plastic attitude upon and along the back of a tiger of the most solid and stony appearance, is the subject. This group, carved with moderate skill out of a spotless piece of Carrara marble, as set off by its proprietor, Mr. Bethmann, with the utmost ingenuity of satisfied if not intelligent ownership, produced throughout Germany the most exaggerated and preposterous sensation. This unaccountable eclat can only be compared with that which was got up in England for the Greek slave of the American sculptor Power; but, whilst the good sense of the British public has, either through effect of comparison with the works of English artists, or intuitive discovery of the smallness of the work of the momentary idol, allowed this latter to sink into almost complete oblivion, the favour in which Dannecker's "Ariadne" is now held is as enthusiastic as ever. Many of Dannecker's productions command enough praise to make his native country proud of him as a fertile artist; but to put him on a par with Domer, Rauch, Reitsehel, and other like German sculptors of modern times, can only serve to provoke ridicule of his works, and detraction from his real merits. Such foolish flattery is far from enhancing the fame of the sculptor.—R. M.
* DANNER, Lovise Christine, born at Copenhagen of the middle-class family Rasmussen, on April 21, 1814, and married on August 7, 1850, in the castle church of Frederiksborg, by Bishop Mynster, to King Frederik VII. of Denmark; on which occasion the rank, title, and arms of the feudal countess of Danner were added to her name.—M. H.
DANREMONT, Charles-Marie-Denis, Count de, a French general, was born in 1783, and killed in 1837. He served with the grand army in 1806-7, in Dalmatia in 1808-9, in Spain and Portugal in 1811-12, and with the grand army again in 1813. He became a captain in 1809, a major in 1811, and colonel in 1813, on the battle-field of Lutzen. After the first abdication of Napoleon, Danremont was appointed an officer in the royal body guard, and followed Louis XVIII. to Ghent. On the return of the Bourbons he was appointed colonel of the legion of the Côte d'Or, and became a major-general in 1821. After holding in succession various military offices, he was in 1830 appointed to command the first brigade of the second division of the army of Africa. He was soon after elevated to the rank of lieutenant-general, nominated a peer in 1835, and in 1837 appointed to discharge the functions of governor-general of the French possessions in North Africa. In this year an expedition was undertaken against Constantine, the capital of the province of the same name, and the chief command was conferred on Danremont, who was killed on the 12th of October, the day fixed for the assault.—J. T.
* DANTAN, Antoine Laurent, surnamed the Elder, to distinguish him from his brother Jean Pierre, was born in 1798, at St. Cloud, and studied sculpture, first under his father, then under Bosio. Having proceeded to Rome, he there completed his studies, and on his return to France produced several works which, both by cleverness of invention and delicacy of execution, commanded general approbation. Amongst his best works are to be considered a group of a bathing youth playing with a dog, and a statue of an Italian vintager. His busts are equally remarkable for finish and character; that of the beautiful and lamented Mme. Paul Delaroche, exhibited in 1855 in Paris, is one of the best specimens. The charms of this exquisite work were enhanced by a sober application of colour, to temper the objectionable whiteness of the marble. The effect produced by this application of colour was a most complete victory over the prejudices of those who strive to oppose the readoption of polychromy, as used at the best time of Greek art, for the improvement and completion of a certain kind of sculpture.—R. M.
* DANTAN, Jean Pierre, the younger brother of the preceding, and like him the pupil of his father, and of Bosio, succeeded to a remarkable degree in portrait-busts and statuettes; and abandoning himself to his extraordinary facility in catching the most salient and characteristic features of people, finished by producing the cleverest caricatures that have ever been executed in sculpture. Those of Paganini, Alexander Dumas, Wellington, Brougham, Talleyrand, Rossini, &c., are unparalleled examples of his satiric skill and humour. They possess all the points, both moral and physical, of his subjects; yet never, even in the least, degenerate into insulting personality or trivial fun. The favour with which these caricatures were received all over the world, has seldom been vouchsafed to more serious works of art. These specimens have, besides, given rise to thousands of similar attempts by other sculptors; but none of them have, as yet, produced anything which can at all be compared even to the
