that country. His "Fauna Grônlandica," published in 1780, ranked for a long time as the most excellent and complete work of its kind, and as the most valuable source of knowledge regarding the northern sea-animals, which place it still maintains. He was author also of many articles in the publications both of the Scientific Society, and the Society of Natural History, Berlin. He died in 1822.—M. H.
FABRICIUS, Theodor, a German divine, was born at Anholt in 1501, and died in 1570. His youth was passed in extreme poverty. He had to work as a day labourer, and sometimes was even reduced to the necessity of begging, in order to support himself and his mother, who had been abandoned by her husband. Fabricius was, meanwhile, aspiring to higher things, and in spite of almost insuperable difficulties contrived to give himself a learned education. He embraced the reformed doctrines, and afterwards taught Hebrew at Cologne; but was soon ejected from that city by the catholics. In 1532 he found a protector and patron in the landgrave of Hesse, who employed him in various ways, and sent him amongst other missions to Munster to try and calm the anabaptistlcal frenzy there raging. He was for some time pastor of Allendorf, but having imprudently meddled in the private affairs of the landgrave, was superseded and thrown into prison. After being set at liberty he repaired to Wittemberg, where he taught the Hebrew language and enjoyed the friendship of Luther and other reformers. In 1544 he became pastor of Zerbst, and in the following year, a protestant bishop. He wrote "Articuli pro Evangelica Doctrina," and some other works.—R. M., A.
FABRICIUS, Vincentius, a learned German jurisconsult, was born at Hamburg in 1612, and studied law at Leyden. In 1644 he was elected syndic, and some twenty years later burgomaster at Dantzic, and died in 1667 at Warsaw, while attending the Polish diet. He was renowned, not only as a jurisconsult, but also as a physician, a numismatologist, and a Latin poet. His Latin works on these different subjects were collected after his death by his son under the title—"Vincentii Fabricii Orationes, Epistolæ," &c.. Lips. et Francof., 1685. His "Poemata" appeared at Leyden, 2nd edit., 1638.—K. E.
FABRICIUS, Werner, a musician, was born at Itzehoe in Holstein on the 10th of April, 1633, and died at Leipzig on the 9th of January, 1679. His father was organist at Itzehoe, and afterwards at Flensburg. Having learnt the elements of music from him, Fabricius went to Hamburg to pursue his literary studies, and there continued to cultivate his art. He left this town for Leipzig in 1650, where he became a student in the university. The general acknowledgment of his talent as an organist and a composer, however, induced him to abandon his philosophical reading, and he was soon appointed to exercise his ability in the function of organist in St. Paul's church, subsequently in that of St. Thomas, and finally in that of St. Nicholas—all at Leipzig, where likewise he practised as a notary. His published works are—"Deliciæ Harmonicæ," a collection of dances for five instruments; "Geistliche Arien," a collection of sacred songs appropriated to the several church festivals; and a book of instruction for the organ.—His son, Johann Albert, was renowned for the universality and profundity of his learning; he treated generally of music—of Hebrew music especially—in his voluminous writings.—G. A. M.
FABRICIUS, William, surnamed Hildanus, an eminent surgeon, was born at Hilden in 1560, and died at Berne in 1634. He was physician and surgeon at Lausanne, and afterwards surgeon to the margrave of Baden. In 1615 he became public physician at Berne. Fabricius had a great reputation for his skill in surgery, and also for ingenuity in inventing instruments and contrivances for particular occasions. His "Six Centuries of Observations and Cures," is, like his other works, stored with interesting and important facts.—R. M., A.
FABRICIUS or FABRIZIO AB ACQUAPENDENTE, Geronimo, a celebrated Italian anatomist and surgeon, was born in 1537 at Acquapendente, in the papal states. His father was in poor circumstances, but nevertheless sent his son to receive his education at Padua. He was a pupil of the celebrated Fallopius, who filled the chair of anatomy and surgery in Padua. Under this great master he speedily obtained distinction; and when Fallopius died in 1562, he was appointed director of the anatomical classes in the university, and three years later was installed in the chair of anatomy and surgery. His success as a teacher was pre-eminent, and he drew to the university of Padua students from ail parts of Europe. Amongst others, William Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the blood, attended his lectures. He states in his account of his great discovery, that it was first suggested to him by the observations of Fabricius on the structure of the valves of the veins. It has been a disputed question as to whether Fabricius was the first to describe these valves. It is not, however, so much as a discoverer as a great teacher, that the name ot Fabricius is held in honour. He was a great systematist, and had the power of conveying in clear and forcible language the knowledge that he possessed. He wrote several treatises on anatomy—all distinguished for their accuracy. These works were collected and published at Leipzig in 1687, with the title "Opera omnia anatomica et physiologica, hactenus variis locis et formis edita, nunc vero certo ordine digesta et in unum volumen redacta." They were afterwards edited by Albinus, and published at Leyden in 1738. Fabricius lived to a great age. After having lectured and practised surgery for fifty years, he retired with an immense fortune to his country seat on the banks of the Brenta still known as the Montagnuola d'Acquapendente. His latter days, however, are said to have been embittered by domestic unhappiness, and he died May 21st, 1619, at the age of eighty-two, not without suspicion of having been the victim of poison.—E. L.
* FABRIS, Antonio, an Italian medallist, was born at Udine in Friuli, near the beginning of the present century. Originally a designer and worker in the precious metals, he was led to adopt the profession in which he has distinguished himself by the admitted inferiority of Italian medallists. He established himself in Florence, where, in 1823, he produced the work by which he first attracted notice—a medal of Canova, then recently deceased. His most admired piece was one executed some years later on the consecration of the church erected by Canova at Passagno. He also executed, in 1830, a medal of Canova's monument. Among other works of more than ordinary excellence by him are—the inauguration-medal of the Academy of Borgo San Sepolcro, 1830; the prize-medal of the Architectural Academy of Leghorn, 1831; one of Dante, with his monument in S. Croce, Florence, on the reverse; and more recently several medals of Italian poets and painters, and small bronze tablets of the famous gates of Ghiberti. Fabris' style is characterized by refinement of design and extreme delicacy of execution.—J. T—e.
* FABRIS, Giuseppe, an eminent Italian sculptor, was born at Padua in 1800. From the academy of his native place he went as pensioner to Rome, where he completed his studies. Whilst at Rome he executed, among other works, a colossal group of "Milon of Crotona attacked by a lion," which procured his election into the Academy of St. Luke. Other fine classical works by him are a "Venus and Cupid," in the gallery of Prince Esterhazy; and "Hector and Andromache," executed for Count Mallerio of Milan. Of his monumental works the chief are—the mausoleum of Cardinal Fontana in S. Carlo at Rome; the monument of the Countess Mallerio; the seated "Genius" on Canova's monument in the church of the Frati at Venice; and the monument to Tasso, in which the poet is represented in a vision inspired by the Virgin Mary. He has also executed several relievi. The works of Fabris, whilst they afford evidence of devoted study of ancient art, show that he has also been a close student of nature.—J. T—e.
FABRIZIO, G. See Fabricius ab Acquaqendente.
FABRONI, Angelo, born at Marradi on the 7th of September, 1732. His family followed the fortunes of the Medicis, and have been honourably mentioned by Varchi in his History of Florence. Angelo was sent early to Faenza, where he studied under the direction of the eminent grammarian, Girolamo Ferri—to whom he dedicated his first literary production, the "Life of Facciolati." His father's means being very limited, he obtained a bursary in the Collegio Romano; and after a successful career he went to Rome, where he fixed his residence in 1750, fully resolved never to return home until he had acquired a name worthy of his family. There he renewed his study of the classics under the direction of the jesuits, and attained such a knowledge of Latin that he could write orations in that language with perfect facility. His style is considered very terse and brilliant, and decked in that elegance peculiar to the Augustan age. His fame as a Latinist and a biographer introduced him to many contemporary celebrities, then visiting Rome; and Benedict XIV., before whom Fabroni pro-
