appointed grand pensionary in the room of John. He showed himself a most zealous partisan of William of Orange, and seconded with great ardour the enterprises of that prince against France. He helped to bring about the offer of the sovereignty of Guelder, which was made by the states of that duchy, but declined by William, and was the bearer of the proposal to confer upon the prince the office of hereditary stadtholder. In 1678 he co-operated with Sir William Temple in promoting the treaty of Nimeguen, and offered the most vigorous resistance to the ambitious designs of Louis XIV. The French ambassador, D'Avaux, endeavoured to win him over to the side of his master by the offer of an immense bribe; but it was indignantly rejected by Fagel, with the remark that his own country was rich enough to reward his services. The patriotic pensionary rendered important services to the prince of Orange in his designs upon the British throne. He prepared with consummate skill a letter explaining the policy of William, and also drew up the declaration which the prince published previous to his expedition in 1688. Fagel died on the 10th of December following, before the official notification of William's accession to the throne of Great Britain had reached Holland. He was a sagacious counsellor and a persuasive speaker.
Fagel, Francis Nicholas, nephew of the grand pensionary, was a distinguished soldier. He entered the army in 1672, was a general of infantry in the service of the states-general, and lieutenant grand-marshal in the service of the empire. He displayed his eminent military talents in the battle of Fleurus in 1690, the famous defence of Mons in 1691, the siege of Namur, the capture of Bonn, and at the battles of Ramillies and Malplaquet in the campaigns of 1711-12 in Flanders. General Fagel died in 1718.
Fagel, Henry, was born in 1706, and was made registrar to the states-general in 1744. He employed his influence to promote the elevation of William V. to the office of stadtholder, and took a prominent part in the public events of that critical period. He was a zealous patron of learning, and a translation into French of the letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu is ascribed to him. He died in 1790.
Fagel, Henry, Baron, grandson of the preceding, succeeded his father as secretary of state. He was sent on an embassy to Copenhagen in 1793, to induce the Danish court to join the coalition against France, and in the following year signed the treaty of alliance between the states-general and the kings of Great Britain and Prussia. On the conquest of Holland by the French, Baron Fagel was driven into exile. In 1812 he returned to his native country, and next year was sent to London as minister-plenipotentiary, for the purpose of concluding a treaty of alliance between Great Britain and Holland. He died in 1834.—J. T.
FAGGIUOLA, Uguccione Della, a chief of the Ghibelline party in Central Italy, and a contemporary of Dante. He belonged to that branch of the house of Montefeltro which took its name from La Faggiuola, a castle on the Apennines, in the Romagna. Uguccione, on account of his personal bravery, as well as through his family influence, was called upon to lead the Ghibellines of the Emilian towns and those of Tuscany against the papal party. On the invasion of Italy by Henry VII. he was created imperial vicar in Tuscany, and after the death of the emperor he preserved his sway as podestà over Pisa and Lucca. In 1315 he conquered the Florentine Guelfs at Montecatini; but his tyranny had so disgusted his subjects, that a popular insurrection obliged him to seek refuge, first with the Malaspina in the Lunigiana, then with Can Grande Delia Scala, lord of Verona, in whose wars against the Lombard Guelfs he distinguished himself until he died in the camp of that powerful leader in 1319.—A. S. O.
FAGGOT, Jacob, an eminent Swedish engineer, was born in 1669 and died in 1778. After completing his preliminary studies he passed some time at the college of mines, and was afterwards appointed professor of geometry to the Society of Civil Engineers. He was next employed in exploring the alum mines near Calmar, and in the island of Aland. On his return he was made inspector to the Society of Civil Engineers, and in that capacity was instrumental in introducing many improvements into the system of agriculture. In 1747 he was placed at the head of the civil-engineering college. He was also for several years secretary to the Academy of Sciences. His funeral eulogium was pronounced by the celebrated Nicander.—R. M., A.
FAGIUOLI, Giovanni Battista, an Italian poet, born at Florence on the 24th June, 1660. He may justly be called the reviver of the burlesque style in Italy. . He wrote a great number of canzones and ballades, which he published under the name of "Rime piacevoli." The academy of the apotastes owes its origin to him. He was of an unsettled turn of mind; spent a great part of his life in travelling; and amid the vicissitudes of his career wrote a number of plays, which were published at Florence in 1736. He left also some prose works, but of very little literary merit. Having returned to his native city, he died on the 12th of July, 1742.—A. C. M.
FAGIUS, Paul, a distinguished reformer and Hebraist, was born at Rheinzabern in the palatinate in 1504, and studied in the university of Heidelberg, under Brenz, Frecht, and others. In 1522 he removed as a teacher to Strasburg, where he studied Hebrew under Capito, and became associated with Hedio, Bucer, Zell, and other friends of the Reformation. In 1527 he was appointed rector of the grammar school of Isny in Allgau, and in 1537 became evangelical pastor of the same place, in which office he continued till 1543—devoting himself meanwhile to the assiduous study of Hebrew philology and literature, in which, with the assistance of the learned Jew, Elias Levita, he made distinguished attainments. In 1544 he succeeded his master, Capito, as professor and pastor in Strasburg, and continued there till 1549, when the introduction of the Interim into Strasburg disposed him to accept an invitation to settle in England, which was addressed to him and Bucer by Archbishop Cranmer. On the 25th of April, 1549, he arrived with Bucer in London, and was soon after made professor of Hebrew at Cambridge. But the change of climate and diet proved prejudicial to his health, and he died at Cambridge on the 25th November, after a residence there of only a few months. His early death was much lamented by the friends of truth and sacred learning. His grave, like Bucer's, was shamefully violated in Mary's reign in 1556; and his memory shared in the honourable reparation of this insult, which was solemnly made in 1560, after the accession of Elizabeth. In doctrinal theology he shared the views of Bucer; but his published works, which are now forgotten, had reference exclusively to Hebrew learning and Old Testament exegesis.—P. L.
FAGNAN, Marie Antoinette, a French authoress, born at Paris; died there in 1770. She wrote several romances which were extensively read, and have been reprinted in various collections. Little is known of her life.—J. S., G.
FAGNANI, Prospero, born in 1598, a celebrated canonist, secretary during fifteen years to the holy congregation, and regarded as an oracle on all legal questions by several successive popes. He published after he became blind, a misfortune which occurred to him when he was at the age of forty-four, his celebrated "Commentary on the five Decretals," three volumes folio. It was published at Rome in 1661, and has been several times reprinted. Fagnani died in 1678.—J. S., G.
FAGNANO, Giulio Carlo, Count of, an Italian nobleman, eminent as a mathematician, born at Sinigaglia in 1682; died in 1766. A collected edition of his works was published at Pisa in 1750, under the title of "Produzioni Matematiche." He contributed various papers on geometrical subjects to the literary journals of Italy, between the years 1718 and 1742. Fagnano bore the title of Marquis of Toschi and of S. Onorio.—J. S., G.
FAGO, Nicolo, a musician, wrote at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He was a pupil of Alessandro Scarlatti in the conservatorio dei poveri di Gesu Cristo, at Naples, whom he succeeded in the direction of that institution; and he afterwards held the same office in the conservatorio de la pietà. He composed many successful operas, and wrote still more extensively for the church.—G. A. M.
FAGON, Guy-Crescent, a French medical man and botanist, was born at Paris on the 11th May, 1638, and died in 1718. He studied medicine, and became M.D. in 1664. His thesis was on the circulation of the blood, a subject which he defended with great ability. Subsequently he offered his services to procure plants for the royal garden at Paris, and on the nomination of Vallot, first physician to the king of France, was appointed to travel over the Alps, Pyrenees, Auvergne, Provence, and Languedoc, for the purpose of making botanical collections. He afterwards became professor of botany and chemistry in the garden. In 1680 he was chosen chief physician to Maria Christina of Bavaria, and afterwards to Maria Theresa of Austria.
