during the great civil war. After commanding in succession several men-of-war, George Legge was in 1673 appointed governor of Portsmouth, and master of the horse, and gentleman of the bedchamber to the duke of York. Governor Legge was in 1677 nominated colonel of a regiment of foot, and master-general of the ordnance. In 1682 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Dartmouth, and in the following year sent as admiral of the English fleet to demolish the works at Tangier, and to bring home the garrison. He stood high in the confidence of James II., who appointed him to the command of the fleet fitted out to intercept the prince of Orange in 1688; but a fierce gale frustrated his plans, and compelled his ships to take shelter in the harbour of Portsmouth. After the abdication of James, Dartmouth was removed from his command. In 1691 he was arrested and committed to the Tower, on the charge of having been an accomplice in Preston's treasonable plot for the restoration of the Stewarts; but after a confinement of a few weeks, he died of apoplexy, 25th October, 1691.—J. T.
DARU, Martial-Noel-Pierre, Baron, brother of the more famous Count Daru, was born in 1774. He entered the service as a lieutenant of the coast-guard in 1789, and in 1805 attained the rank of inspector of cavalry and artillery. His ability and activity attracted the notice of Napoleon, who employed him in organizing the various provinces conquered by his arms. After the battle of Jena, Daru was appointed surveyor of the duchy of Brunswick. He subsequently held a similar office in Vienna, in lower Austria, and in Rome, where he displayed great integrity and energy in superintending the works with which the French emperor sought to embellish the pontifical city. In 1811 Daru was nominated a baron. Shortly after the downfall of Napoleon he retired into private life.—J. T.
DARU, Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, Count, administrator and author, was born at Montpellier on the 12th of January, 1767. Entering the commissariat at seventeen, he began a career distinguished by its combination of hard practical work with the successful cultivation of letters. In 1796 he published a metrical translation of the odes and epistles of Horace, and in 1799 he was appointed commissary-in-chief by Massena, who commanded in Switzerland the army of the Danube. While discharging with the utmost zeal the duties of this difficult post, he found time to translate the epistles of the Venusian bard, and to write a "Poem of the Alps," a subject suggested by his environment. Summoned to Paris, he became, about the beginning of this century, what we would call under-secretary for war, an office which brought him into contact with Napoleon, then returned from Egypt. At this period of their intercourse, as ever afterwards, Daru maintained his own opinions with a frankness and firmness only equalled by his promptitude and fidelity of obedience, whenever ruled by the great Corsican. In 1805, after the establishment of the empire, he was appointed by Napoleon comptroller of the household, a position which involved a minute superintendance of the private imperial expenditure, and in which he acquitted himself with his usual vigour and integrity. At intervals he was employed in other duties of a high diplomatic and military nature. Thus, in 1806, he was charged with the execution of the treaty of Presburg. After the battle of Jena he was for a time intendant-general of the grand army, and after the treaty of Tilsit he was French plenipotentiary at Berlin. Had Napoleon followed Darn's advice, he might have escaped or delayed his overthrow. The comptroller of the household leant, after Wagram, to the Russian rather than to the Austrian alliance, and he recommended, when the divorce from Josephine was decided on, a marriage with a French woman. Daru succeeded the duke de Bassano in what was virtually the French premiership, the post of minister-secretary of state; and it is recorded that in his first budget his own salary was omitted from the estimates, an omission which had to be repaired by the emperor himself. He accompanied his imperial master in the Russian expedition which he had opposed, although when it was commenced he counselled the most vigorous operations. After the downfall of Napoleon, Daru was relegated by the government of the restoration to a sort of exile at Bourges, where he laboured at his chief literary work, the well-known and elaborate "History of Venice," published in 1819. In this same year he was recalled to Paris, and made a peer of France. He died on the 5th of September, 1829. "Daru is fit for anything," said Napoleon; "he has judgment, intellect, a great capacity, a body and a soul of iron." Lamartine pronounced his éloge.—F. E.
* DARWIN, Charles, an eminent English naturalist, celebrated not only for his original researches in zoology and geology, but popularly known as the author of an interesting and favourite work entitled "The Voyage of a Naturalist." This work contains an account of a four years' voyage made by Mr. Darwin in the capacity of naturalist to H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., from the years 1832 to 1836. This was one of Mr. Darwin's earliest and most popular works. He has since then worked more specially at certain subjects connected with natural history, and has published some highly interesting observations on the geology of South America. In 1839 he published a work entitled "Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle." As a geologist, his papers on the volcanic islands of Australia, the geology of the Falkland Islands, and many other interesting points, give him an undoubted position among the geologists of the day. He is a fellow of the Geological Society, and it is in the Transactions of this society that most of his papers are to be found. Mr. Darwin's contributions to zoological science are also most valuable. Besides smaller papers on various departments of zoology, his greatest work on this subject, and one which will render his reputation permanent as a zoologist, is his "Monograph of the Cirripedia," in which he accurately describes every known species, adding many original observations and curious facts with regard to the habits and organization of these creatures. This valuable contribution to science was published by the Ray society, and distributed to their subscribers for 1851 and 1853. Mr. Darwin's labours in the cause of natural science have been prosecuted under the disadvantage of shattered health. He is unable to continue for a long period study or literary labour of any kind, and he is a remarkable example of what difficulties may be overcome by untiring zeal, great perseverance, and a remarkable amiability and kindness of disposition. Mr. Darwin is yet in the prime of life, and we may hope that, with improved health, he may yet add further contributions to the advancement of science and his own reputation.—E. L.
DARWIN, Erasmus, physician, physiologist, and poet, was born at Elton, Nottinghamshire, December 12, 1731. After studying at St. John's college, Cambridge, he took the degree of doctor of medicine at Edinburgh, and settled at Lichfield for the practice of his profession, where the unexpected cure of a wealthy patient brought him considerable celebrity. His first poetical works were unacknowledged, lest a reputation for literary pursuits should destroy confidence in his practical skill. The "Botanic Garden" appeared in 1781. It is divided into two parts; the first being devoted to the phenomena of vegetation, and the second to the "Loves of the Plants," a poetical version of the sexual system of Linnæus. As a poet, Darwin possessed imaginative ingenuity rather than poetical power. His keenness of insight into analogies between the natural and spiritual worlds, wanted but little to elevate it into a higher faculty; but it wanted that which can alone give discrimination between an extravagant simile and a divine beauty. Fancies ludicrous in their strangeness are intermixed with sweet descriptions of natural objects, and a tawdry ornament is found close to a graceful charm. Notwithstanding their fantastical extravagancies and stilted language, the poems of Darwin may be regarded in historical connection with that higher school of modern art in which the outward world is made to reveal spiritual truth, and divine thoughts are connected with scientific facts. The ridiculous side of Darwin's works was aptly seized upon by Canning, in a poem called the Loves of the Triangles. In 1793-96 Darwin published "Zoonomia, or Laws of Organic Life," a book which achieved considerable popularity among the materialists of the age, and was translated into French, German, and Italian. He traced the origin of vegetables, and animals, and men, to living filaments, susceptible of irritation. Sensibility is but a development of irritability, and is itself further developed into perception, memory, and reason. The "Zoonomia" was answered by Dr. Thomas Brown, Edinburgh, 1798. In 1800 Darwin published the "Phytologia, or Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening," which is remarkable for containing, amid many novel fancies, anticipations of some results of modern investigation. As a physiologist, Darwin was too apt to believe in analogies, and to accept ingenious fancies; but was often clearsighted, and shrewd, and in advance of the physical knowledge of his day. Gifted with a powerful physique, he led a very
