however, a misunderstanding arose between the authors, and the later editions of Buffon's works are deprived of one of their chief excellencies, being published without Daubenton's researches. For more than fifty years Daubenton laboured assiduously in arranging and enriching the magnificent museum in the jardin du roi. He is said to have been the first professor of natural history who gave public lectures in France. The jardin du roi being elevated into a public school, under the title of the Museum of Natural History, he was appointed professor of mineralogy, which chair he retained as long as he lived. In 1783 he became professor of rural economy at Alfort, and in 1799 was elected a member of the senate. He died of apoplexy on the 31st December, 1799. His papers on various subjects of natural history are numerous and valuable. Two of the most interesting are those of 1762, on fossil bones, pretended to be those of a giant, but which Daubenton referred to their true species; and another, in 1764, "On the essential differences between Man and the Ourang-outang."—E. L.
DAUBENY, Charles Giles Bridle, M.D., F.R.S., professor of botany in the university of Oxford, was distinguished as a chemist, geologist, and physiological botanist. His name is deserving of lasting honour, not only on account of his original and numerous contributions to the literature of natural science in various departments, but for the untiring and energetic manner in which he assisted to rescue the natural sciences from the neglect under which they had long been suffered to remain in our university system of education. To Dr. Daubeny and his fellow-workers may be attributed the revival which has taken place in those branches of study in the university of Oxford. His own labours were chiefly directed to the explanation of natural phenomena by the aid of the facts and principles of chemical science. The phenomena of volcanoes, and their connection with mineral springs, was one of his favourite subjects. Among his earliest papers are an essay "On the Geology and Chemical Phenomena of Volcanoes," published in 1824, and a description of "Active and Extinct Volcanoes," 1848. In 1837 he visited the United States of America, and gave the result of his researches there in a series of papers on "The Thermal Springs of North America," and "Notes on the Geology of North America." In 1834 he published a paper on "The Eruption of Vesuvius;" "On the Volcanic Strata exposed by a section made in the site of the new thermal spring discovered near the town of Torre dell Annunziata, in the Bay of Naples;" "On the Volcanoes of Auvergne," and many other valuable papers on similar subjects. In his Dr. Daubeny published "An Introduction to the Atomic Theory" (second edition, 1858), one of several contributions to purely chemical science. His "Lectures on Agriculture," demonstrating the chemical laws which regulate the life of plants, bear more directly than most of his productions on his peculiar function as professor of botany at Oxford; although such studies as his are perhaps best adapted to enable the mind to take a wide and comprehensive view of the whole of the laws by which the vegetable world is governed, in common with the animal creation, rather than any mere special study of the names and properties of plants in themselves, without relation to the many surrounding agents which determine their life and growth. Daubeny died on the 12th December, 1867.—E. L.
* D'AUBIGNE, Jean Henri Merle, an eminent divine and church historian, was born at Geneva in Switzerland in 1794. His father was Louis Merle, a merchant of that city, and grandson of Aimé Merle who had married a mademoiselle d'Aubigné, of a distinguished French protestant family. The historian's name is therefore Merle; that by which he is commonly known being an addition of honour, assumed according to a custom prevalent in Switzerland. D'Aubigné received his first education in his native city, from which he proceeded to Berlin, where he attended Neander's lectures on church history. He was shortly afterwards chosen pastor of a French congregation in Hamburg. From Hamburg he removed to the Belgian capital, where his popular talents gained him considerable renown as a preacher. Returning to his native city in 1830 he was appointed to the chair of church history in the theological college founded by the Evangelical Society of Geneva. There he still continues in the active discharge of his important functions as a trainer of youth for the christian ministry. D'Aubigné's great work is the "History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century," the first part of which was published at Paris in 1835. Written in a lively French style, and deeply imbued with the evangelical principles that characterized the age which it illustrates, his book immediately achieved an immense popularity in Britain and America. The number of copies sold in France, we believe, bears but a small proportion to those circulated in Scotland alone. It has found its way to the homes of the peasant and of the day-labourer, and, in spite of all its defects, has contributed, more than all former books on the subject, to spread amongst the people an intelligent knowledge of the great events of the sixteenth century. D'Aubigné has also published, besides many tracts on theological and ecclesiastical subjects, "The Protector; a vindication;" and "Germany, England, and Scotland: Recollections of a Swiss minister." During his last visit to this country, in 1856, he received the freedom of the city of Edinburgh. In 1858 he married an Irish lady in Dublin.—R. M., A.
DAUBUZ, Charles, an Anglo-French theologian, and native of Guienne, was born about 1670, and with his early biography a romantic incident is connected. His father, a French protestant clergyman, was one of the victims of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, but received a royal pass permitting him to proceed to England. On arriving at Calais with his wife and children, he was suddenly taken ill, and died before he could cross the channel. With the connivance of the innkeeper, he was buried in the utmost privity at night; and a brother, who held some preferment in the church of England, hastened to Calais, and, personating the deceased, conveyed, under sanction of the pass, the widow and her children in safety to England. Charles received his later education at Queen's college, Cambridge, of which he was appointed librarian. In 1699 he was presented by the dean and chapter of York to the vicarage of Brotherton, a small village near Ferrybridge in the West Riding of Yorkshire. In spite of the smallness of his stipend, and the largeness of his family, he found heart and leisure for profound and recondite study, the chief result of which was "A perpetual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John." He died immediately after a journey to London in quest of a publisher for it, and it did not appear until three years after his death. Out of the material afforded by it, a Mr. Lancaster, vicar of Bowden, compiled a Symbolical Dictionary, published in 1730. A new edition appeared in 1842, edited with notes, by Matthew Habershon, the well-known writer on prophecy.—F. E.
DAUGIER, François-Henri-Eugene, Count, a French admiral, was born in 1764, and died in 1834. He entered the navy in 1782, and after serving for some time in India was made a lieutenant in 1789, and a captain in 1793. When Napoleon was making preparations for the invasion of England, he appointed Daugier to the command of a battalion of marines, and afterwards set him over one of the four grand corps of the flotilla. He subsequently assisted at the siege of Stralsund and the attack on the isle of Rugen, and served in Spain, where he was taken prisoner at the battle of Baylen. After the abdication of Napoleon, Daugier was made a count. He sat in the chamber of deputies from 1815 to 1830.—J. T.
DAUM, Christian, born at Zwickau in Saxony, 29th March, 1612, whence, after his elementary education, he went to Leipzig, and afterwards to Jena, in prosecution of his studies. Returning to his native town, he was appointed rector of the college there in 1662, and thenceforward devoted his life to the discharge of his collegiate duties, and to the pursuits of literature. He died 15th December, 1687, having enjoyed a high reputation, and leaving a great number of works, chiefly classical and educational.—J. F. W.
* DAUMAS, Melchior Joseph Eugene, a French general, born in 1803. He entered the army in 1822, and was nominated a sous-lieutenant in 1827. In 1835 he was sent to Algeria, and served with distinction under Marshal Clausel in the campaigns of Mascara and Tlemcen. From 1837 to 1839 he was consul at Mascara. He was subsequently placed by Marshal Bugeaud at the head of the political affairs of Algeria, and discharged the duties of that office with great ability. His services were rewarded by successive promotions, and the order of the legion of honour. In 1850 he was appointed director of the affairs of Algeria and minister of war. General Daumas has proved himself not only a distinguished officer and successful administrator, but an able writer.—J. T.
DAUMESNIL, Pierre, Baron, a French general distinguished for his remarkable bravery, was born in 1777. He enlisted as a private soldier in the twenty-second regiment of chasseurs, and at the battle of Arcola assisted in saving Bona-
