service of the elector, Frederic IV. He published several works on jurisprudence and historical antiquities, and amused himself with painting. He was a collector of antiquities, particularly medals.—J. A., D.
FREHER, Paul, born at Nuremberg in 1611; died in 1692; practised medicine at Nuremberg; is chiefly known by a large biographical work, which contains two thousand eight hundred and fifty biographical notices, and three hundred portraits, of no authority.—J. A., D.
FREIESLEBEN, Johann Karl, a mineralogist, born in 1774 at Freiberg, where he was educated under the celebrated Werner. The greater portion of his life was passed in mining pursuits, in connection with which he held various public appointments. He retired into private life in 1842, and died in 1846. His works are tolerably numerous, devoted to metallurgy, mining, and allied subjects.—J. A. W.
FREIGIUS or FREY, Johann Thomas, born at Friburg in 1543; died of the plague in 1583. The son of a jurist, he studied law in the school of Ramus, and was appointed rector of the new college of Altorf in 1575. He published some geometrical works, and an edition of Cicero's Orations.—J. A., D.
* FREILIGRATH, Ferdinand, an eminent German poet and translator, was born at Detmold, June 17, 1810, and educated for the mercantile profession. For several years he led an unsettled life, first as a clerk, and afterwards as a poet and writer. In 1842 a small pension was granted him by the king of Prussia, which, however, drew upon him so violent attacks from the radical poets of the day, that in 1844 he resigned it, and applied himself to political poetry. Expelled from Germany he sought refuge in Switzerland and England, whence he returned in 1848, and took an active part in the German revolution, after the suppression of which he went into exile again, and has since resumed his professional career in London. His poems, distinguished alike by their scenery and language, though not quite exempt from mannerism, mark a decided progress in the lyric poetry of Germany, and will secure him a lasting fame. His translations from the stores of English and French poetry, are no less admirable productions, and bear testimony to his complete mastery of both these tongues, as well as of his own. Complete poetical works, New York, 1859.—K. E.
FREIND, John, an English physician, born at Croughton, Northamptonshire, in 1675. He entered Westminster school, and was thence elected to Christ church, Oxford, in 1694. In conjunction with Mr. Foulkes he published an edition of the orations of Æschines against Ctesiphon, and of Demosthenes De Corona, in 1696; and about the same time he revised the Delphin edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Mr. Freind took an active part in the Phalaris controversy, and, in conjunction with Alsop, is supposed to have written the discussion upon Æsop in the examination of Dr. Bentley's Dissertation. His first professional work, "Hydrocephalus," appeared in 1699, being the substance of a letter to Dr. (afterwards Sir) Hans Sloane. In 1700 he wrote an elegant Latin ode upon the death of the duke of Gloucester. In 1701 he wrote another letter to Sir Hans Sloane, "De spasmi rarioris historia." In April of the same year he took the degree of M.A., and that of M.B. on the 21st June, 1703. In 1704 he was chosen professor of chemistry at Oxford. In 1705 he accompanied the earl of Peterborough as physician to the army in Spain, which post he held for two years; he then made the tour of Italy. On his return to London in 1707 he published "An account of the Earl of Peterborough's conduct in Spain," to which is added "The campaign of Valencia"—both highly popular. On the 12th of July of the same year he received the degree of M.D. by diploma. In 1709 he published, and dedicated to Sir Isaac Newton, the chemical lectures which, as professor, he had delivered in 1704 at Oxford. In 1711 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society while Sir Isaac Newton was president. In 1712 the duke of Ormond appointed him physician to the English army in Flanders. On the 9th April, 1716, he was chosen a fellow of the College of Physicians, and published the first and third books of "Hippocrates de morbis popularibus," to which is added a "Commentary upon Fevers," divided into nine short dissertations. On the 7th March, 1717, he read the Gulstonian lecture in the college of physicians, and on the 30th September, 1718, he was chosen one of the censors of that college, in which post he continued for two years, and was then chosen Harveian orator (1720). In 1722 he was returned M.P. for Launceston, but declared not duly elected; he was, however, duly chosen in 1725. He distinguished himself in parliament by opposing the measures of Sir R. Walpole, and was committed to the Tower, 15th March, 1722-23, on the plea of being concerned in Layer's plot for the restoration of the Stuart family, but in reality for his zealous defence of his friend Bishop Atterbury. He was generously bailed by his professional rival. Dr. Mead, June 21st, and in November discharged from his recognizances. Dr. Mead presented him, on his liberation, with five thousand guineas, being fees he had received from his patients. During his imprisonment Freind wrote a letter to Dr. Mead on the smallpox, and also laid the plan of his greatest work, "The History of Physic from the time of Galen to the sixteenth century," published in 1726-27. Soon after he obtained his liberty he was made physician to the prince of Wales, who, on his accession to the throne as George II., appointed him physician to Queen Caroline. He did not enjoy this honour long, for he died of a fever on the 26th July, 1728, aged fifty-two, and was buried at Hitcham Bucks. A monument was erected to him in Westminster abbey. He left a large fortune to his nephew, William Freind, afterwards dean of Canterbury, and a thousand pounds to Christ church, Oxford, to found an anatomical lectureship. He possessed varied and extensive knowledge, not only of medicine, but of most branches of science and of ancient languages. A collection of his Latin works, under the title of "Opera omnia medica," was published by Dr. Wigan in 1732.—W. A. B.
FREIND, Robert, an eminent educator and epigrammatist, eldest brother of Dr. John Freind the physician, was born at Croughton in 1667. He entered Westminster school in 1680, and was elected to a scholarship at Christ church, Oxford, in 1686. In 1689 he wrote some good verses on the inauguration of King William and Queen Mary, which were printed in the Oxford collection. Mr. Freind graduated M.A. June 1st, 1693, and was an active member of the Christ church confederacy for attacking Bentley's Dissertation on the Phalaris letters, in 1697. He became second master of Westminster school in 1699, and took the degrees of B.D. and D.D. July 7th, 1709. In 1711 he succeeded Duck the poet as rector of Witney, Oxfordshire, and became head master of Westminster school. In 1724 he published the De Oratore of Cicero; and in 1728 he wrote some verses on the coronation of George II. In April, 1729, Dr. Freind obtained a canon's stall at Windsor, which in 1731 he resigned to become a prebend of Westminster, and in 1733 he quitted Westminster school. Dr. Freind's house was the resort of Swift and Atterbury, and all the wits and statesmen of his time. An ode by Stephen Duck, in the Gentleman's Magazine of 1737, alludes to the great men educated under Dr. Freind. Pope makes Bentley sneer at the scholarship of Freind and Alsop in the following lines of the Dunciad:—
" Let Freind affect to speak as Terence spoke,
And Alsop never but as Horace joke."
The following epigram appeared when Freind was appointed to the head mastership of Westminster school:—
" Ye sons of Westminster, who still retain
Your ancient dread of Busby's awful name.
Forget at length your fears—your panic end—
The monarch of this place, is now a Freind."
In 1734, through the influence of Queen Caroline and Bishop Hoadley, he succeeded in making over the living of Witney to his son. In 1737 he became canon of Christ church, Oxford. In 1744 Dr. Freind resigned his stall at Westminster in favour of his son. He died August 9th, 1751, aged eighty-four. He was buried in a vault in Witney church, where there is an inscription to his memory. There are pictures of him in the common room and hall at Christ church, Oxford; and his bust, by Roubillac, is in the library there. He wrote a great deal of poetry in Latin and English (the former was preferred). His various pieces are reprinted in Nichols' Select Collection. He was a man of great learning, but less esteemed than his brother the physician on the score of personal character.—W. A. B.
FREINSHEIM, Johannes, a German poet and philologist, was born at Ulm in 1608, and studied at Marburg and Giessen. In consequence of his beautiful Latin eulogy on Gustavus Adolphus, he was called to a chair at Upsala, and some years later appointed principal librarian and historiographer at Stockholm. Declining health, however, obliged him to return to
