was born at Kreuzburg, Silesia, July 13, 1816, and studied philology at Breslau and Berlin. His dramas—"Die Valentine;" "Graf Waldemar;" "Die Journalisten;" and "Die Fabier"—excel by their plastic powers, delineation of characters and classic language. His novel, "Soil and Haben," met with a brilliant success, and was translated into French and English. He lives at Leipsic, and since 1848 is one of the editors of the Grenzboten.—(See G. Rössler—Freytag und die deutsche Dichtung der Gegenwart, 1860.)—K. E.
FREYTAG, Johann, a German physician, was born at Nieder-Wesel in 1581, and died at Groningen in 1641. After filling a chair of medicine for four years, he was appointed first physician to the prince-bishop of Osnabruck. This post he held for twenty-three years, at the end of which he was dismissed for refusing to abjure the protestant faith, in which he had been brought up. The counts of Nassau and Bentheim then procured him a medical chair in the university of Groningen. Freytag was a zealous advocate of the Aristotelian philosophy, and a bitter opponent of the doctrines of Descartes. He was the author of "Poemata Juvenilia," "Noctes Medicæ," &c.—R. M., A.
FREZIER, Amedée François, born at Chambery in 1682, died at Brest in 1773. This able engineer and navigator was descended from a Scottish, and no doubt Roman catholic family, which settled in Savoy in 1599. He was educated at Paris, and became an officer of engineers in the French service. In 1711 he was sent on a mission to Chili and Peru, to investigate the means of defence which they possessed in the event of any attack on the part of the English. On his return he published an account of his voyage, which contained much useful information respecting countries at that time unknown to European naturalists. He was afterwards employed in St. Domingo as an engineer and surveyor, until compelled to return to France on account of the state of his health. He was now employed during the remainder of his life in superintending the fortifications constructed for the defence of the coasts of Brittany. Notwithstanding his active life he found time to publish numerous memoirs on subjects connected with his profession. Of these the best known are his "Voyage to the South Sea," translated into English, and his treatise on fire works.—[J. S.]
FREZZI, Federico, a native of Foligno in the fourteenth century. Nothing is known concerning his early life, except that he entered the order of St. Dominic, and reached to the highest dignities, and in 1403 he was elected bishop of his native city. Under the patronage of St. Thomas, he founded the Academy of Councils; and on account of his extensive knowledge in theology, he assisted in the councils of Pisa and Costanza. Frezzi left a poem in four cantos entitled "Il Quadriregno," in which he vainly attempts to imitate Dante. He died at the council of Costanza in 1416.—A. C. M.
FRIANT, Louis, a native of Picardy, was born in 1758, and had reached the age of twenty-three when he entered the French army as a private soldier. Six years later he quitted the service; but the Revolution recalled him, and he was appointed successively adjutant-major and lieutenant-colonel in a regiment of volunteers under the banner of the republic. Having distinguished himself in the earlier campaigns against the allies on the Rhine, he obtained the rank of brigadier-general in 1794, and won new laurels under Kleber at Maestricht and Luxemburg. He afterwards fought under Bernadotte in Italy, and gallantly repulsed a superior force in covering the evacuation of Fiume; in Egypt he held a command as a general of division, and sustained his former reputation, particularly in resisting the attack on Alexandria; he made the campaign of 1805 under Napoleon, and was severely wounded at Austerlitz. General Friant also took part in the ill-fated invasion of Russia, and escaped the perils of the retreat from Moscow to witness the final struggle on the field of Waterloo, where he was again severely wounded, fighting at the side of Marshal Ney in the desperate attempt to break the left of the British centre. The remainder of his days were spent in retirement. He died in 1829.—W. B.
FRIEDEMANN, Friedrich Traugott, a German educator and philologist, was born at Stolpen, Saxony, 30th March, 1793; and died at Idstein, Nassau, 1st March, 1853. He successively held the headmastership of various gymnasia, all of which were greatly benefited by his zealous activity, ripe scholarship, and blameless character. His numerous writings were chiefly destined for the use of schools, and have particularly promoted the study of the Latin language and literature.—K. E.
* FRIEDERICH, André, French sculptor, born January 17, 1798, at Ribeauville in the department of the Haut-Rhin, son of a statuary, and received his first lessons from his father. He was then apprenticed at Strasbourg, and at the end of his term proceeded to Vienna and Prague, at each of which places he remained but a short time. Thence he went to Dresden, where he remained three years studying the higher branches of his art He next proceeded to Berlin, where he for some time worked under Schadow; and then, recommended by him, executed a colossal "Victory" and other works for the Prussian government. At the end of two years he removed to Paris, and entered the atelier of Bosio. He next made a tour in Italy, where he renewed his acquaintance with Thorwaldsen, and executed various works. Returning to France he, in 1826, settled at Strasbourg, where he has ever since resided. Though by birth and residence a Frenchman, Friederich is of a German family, and more German than French in art. His works are chiefly religious and monumental in character. Friederich is a man of great earnestness of purpose, and several of his monumental and religious works have been executed by him in order to present them to churches and corporate bodies. He is the author of "Le Cathédrale de Strasbourg, et ses détails," 4to, plates, 1855, &c.—J. T—e.
FRIEDLAND, Valentin, commonly called Trotzendorf, from the village where he was born, in humble circumstances, on the 14th February, 1490, was one of the greatest educators of his age. He was educated at Gorlitz, and studied at Leipsic. At Wittemberg he became intimately acquainted with Luther and Melancthon, and acquired the Hebrew language from a baptized Jew, in whose house he acted as servant, as he was unable to pay him for his lessons. In 1523 he was appointed headmaster of the gymnasium at Goldberg, Silesia; but finding it impossible to organize it according to his own ideas resigned, till he was again called under more liberal terms to the same office, which he then held for a period of thirty-three years. By a rare union of intellectual and moral gifts, and an indefatigable energy, he raised his school to an unparalleled degree of eminence, and attracted numberless pupils from Poland, Lithuania, Bohemia, Hungary, and even Transylvania, who were all lodged in the buildings of the institution, and were made to assist in the tuition and discipline, after a kind of Lancasterian method. The school was destroyed by fire, and Friedland with his pupils removed to Liegnitz, where he died, April 26, 1556.—K. E.
* FRIES, Elias, born in 1794; a well-known Swedish botanist, and superintendent of the museum and botanic garden of Upsal. He is the author of various works, especially on the fungi and lichens.—[J. S.]
FRIES, Jacob Friedrich, a German philosophical writer, born at Barby, 23d August, 1773; died 10th August, 1843. From the seminary of the Moravian brothers of his native town he went to Leipsic, and then to Jena, to study philosophy. In 1805 he was appointed professor of philosophy and elementary mathematics at Heidelberg, and in 1816 removed to Jena, where he held the chair of physics and mathematics till his death. His system of philosophy, fundamentally that of Kant, whose views he appears at one time to have homologated entirely, approached more and more nearly to that of Jacobi, especially with respect to the discovery of truth through sentiment and intuition. He wrote—"Philosophische Rechtslehre," &c., 1803; "System der Philosophie als evidente Wissenschaft," 1804; "Neue oder anthropologische kritik der Vernunft," 1807; "System der Logik," 1811; "System der Metaphysik," 1824; "Geschichte der Philosophie," 1837-40.—J. S., G.
FRIES, Johann, a Swiss philologist, born at Greifensee in 1505; died in 1565. Though the son of poor parents he was carefully educated at Zurich, where he enjoyed the patronage of Pellecan and the reformer Zwingli. In 1533, along with Conrad Gessner, his fellow-student at Zurich, he was provided with funds to go to Paris to complete his studies. In 1536 he returned to Switzerland, taught Greek and Latin for some time at Basle, and eventually settled at Zurich, where he became professor of Latin in the municipal school. His most important work is his "Dictionarium Latino-Germanicum," published in 1541, reprinted in an enlarged form in 1556, and subsequently honoured with numerous editions.—J. S., G.
FRIMONT, Johann Philip von, Prince of Antrodocco, a distinguished Austrian general, was born in 1756 of an ancient noble family of Lorraine, and in 1791 quitted France with other
