she laboured devotedly for Antony's advancement. The unfeeling brutality of her conduct towards the political enemies proscribed by her husband, especially in the cases of Cicero and Rufus, has made her name infamous. Her desire to withdraw him from the charms of Cleopatra, led her to foment in Italy apprehensions of Octavianus, who was returning thither with his troops; and she joined her brother-in-law in organizing an armed resistance at Perusia. They were obliged, however, to capitulate, and Fulvia being allowed to depart under a promise to leave Italy, sailed for Greece and met Antony at Athens. Had she succeeded in her recent enterprise, she might have been received by him with kindness, but she encountered only upbraidings, which threw her into a serious illness. Antony hastening home, left her at Sicyon, and she died there b.c. 40; grief and neglect giving a fatal issue to the malady which they had originated.—W. B.
FUMAGALLI, Angelo, a learned historian, was born at Milan on the 28th of April, 1728. Early in life he entered a convent of Cistercians, and studied the oriental languages and the history of his native land. At twenty-nine years of age he published two dissertations: one on the origin of idolatry, and the other on a Greek manuscript on the Ambrosian liturgy. He wrote afterwards the lives of Cicero and Rancati, in which he displayed an immense amount of knowledge on literary as well as theological matters. His superiors having sent him to Rome, Fumagalli delivered there lectures on theology and diplomacy; and on his return to Milan in 1773, he was elected lecturer, then abbot, and invested with all the rights and privileges pertaining to that dignity. The prerogative of printing, quite independent of the authority of the dukes of Milan, belonged to his abbey; and he profited by that privilege to publish Winkelman's History of the Art of Drawing among the Ancients, translated into Italian by Amoretti—a work which Fumagalli enriched with numerous and very interesting annotations. His history of Milan during the war of Frederick Barbarossa, is written in a style at once terse and elegant, and obtained for him a seat amongst the thirty members of the Institute of fine arts, literature, and science, with a pension from government. But his order having been suppressed, he died of a broken heart on the 12th of March, 1804.—A. C. M.
FUMANI, Adamo, a Latin poet, who flourished in the sixteenth century. His knowledge of Latin is highly praised by Tiraboschi; and his voluminous correspondence with Berni, Giberti, and Fracastoro, sufficiently attests his literary merit, and the esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries. The work to which Fumani principally owes his reputation, is a poem entitled "Logices libri quinque." He died in 1587.—A. C. M.
FUNCK, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von, a distinguished German officer and historian, born at Brunswick in 1761. He first followed the military profession; but, after a short service of five years, he determined to pursue a literary career. Both Schiller and Goethe gladly availed themselves of his talents. He contributed to the Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung of the former, and to the Horen of the latter. Returning to the army in 1791, he took part in the campaign against France, and was wounded and made prisoner at the battle of Jena. A lieutenant-general in 1810, he commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Russian campaign, and for a long time enjoyed the favour of his sovereign, which he afterwards lost through the machinations of jealous rivals. In 1815 he was restored to all his honours, after which he devoted himself to literature, till his death at Wurzen in 1828. He wrote a "History of the Emperor Frederick II.," 1792; "Pictures of the Times of the Crusades," 4 vols., Leipsic, 1820; and "Memoirs of the Saxon corps under General Reynier in the campaign of 1812," Dresden, 1829.—R. D. B.
* FUNKE, Otto, a physiological chemist of eminence, extraordinary professor of medicine in the Leipsic university, was born October 27th, 1828, at Chemnitz. His atlas of physiological chemistry is well known in England. He has published a manual of physiology, and several original papers. He discovered the blood crystals.—J. A. W.
FURETIÈRE, Antoine, born in 1620; died in 1688; first appeared as an avocat; then passed into the church; studied canon law, and was given an important judicial office. In 1662 he became member of the Academy; quarrelled with most of the members; prepared a dictionary of the French language, which, being supposed to interfere with that of the Academy, was suppressed. Boileau supported Furetière. His works, decried in his own day, have been since reprinted.—J. A., D.
FURIETTI, Giuseppe Alessandro, born at Bergamo in 1685. He was sent to Milan, where he studied the law; but his natural disposition made him enter upon the pursuit of letters, in which he was highly successful. Having fixed his residence at Rome, he was raised to the prelacy, and there he published the works of Gasparino and Guniforti Barziza, prefaced by their biographies, which Muratori pronounces incomparable. Furietti dedicated the last years of his life to archæological researches; and to the beautiful centaurs found by him in the excavations of the Villa Adriana he owed the enmity of Pope Benedict XIV., to whom Furietti refused to yield that masterpiece of Grecian art. Clement XIII., however, raised him to the cardinalate in 1758, an honour which he did not long enjoy, having died on the 14th of January, 1764.—A. C. M.
FURINI, Francesco, called sometimes the Florentine Guido, and the Florentine Albani, was born about 1600, and studied under Passignano and Matteo Rosselli. He early imitated the works of Guido and Albani, and represented generally such subjects as magdalenes, nymphs, satyrs, the graces, &c., commonly half-length figures life size. He painted occasionally religious pieces, and was also an excellent portrait-painter. Many families in Florence possess pictures by Furini. When about forty years of age he became priest, and was made curate of S. Ansano in the Mugello; he did not, however, quite give up painting. He died in 1649.—(Baldinucci, Notizie, &c.)—R. N. W.
FURIUS, Bibaculus. See Bibaculus.
FURLONG, Thomas, an Irish poet, was the son of a small farmer in the county Wexford, and born in 1792. Although of literary tendencies his education was utterly neglected by his father. The bard's first contributions to the press probably appeared in the Ulster Register, edited by John Lawless, where we find several political verses with his signature. Young Furlong was sent at an early age to Dublin with a view to some mercantile employment. At a later period we find him engaged as a shopboy with a grocer named Hart. His first and longest poem, "The Misanthrope," appeared in 1819, and was subsequently reprinted with additions and alterations. Two years later he was instrumental in establishing the New Irish Magazine, wherein many of his minor productions originally appeared. In 1824 Furlong's best work, "The Plagues of Ireland," was published. In 1825 and 1826 he contributed largely to the Dublin and London Magazine, under the pseudonym of "the Hermit in Ireland." During the same interval he wrote "The Doom of Derenzie," and translated Carolan's Remains for Mr. Hardiman's Irish Minstrelsy. In 1825 he joined the Catholic Association, made some speeches at their meetings, and was complimented by a public portrait in the Association Cartoons, published at that period. Sir Walter Scott in 1826 visited Ireland, and having strolled into the shop of an eminent bookseller, inquired whether he had got "The Plagues of Ireland." "Sir," replied the salesman contemptuously, "we don't keep works of such a class." "I dare say," replied Sir Walter, "your shelves contain many works greatly inferior to the book for which I asked." Saying which, he left the shop, but in a few minutes it was discovered who the great unknown was. For lacerating poignancy of satire, "The Plagues of Ireland "has hardly an equal. It is said to have been undertaken in imitation of English Bards and Scotch Reviewers; but it reminds us rather forcibly of Gifford's or Churchill's concentrated strength of sarcasm. As a picture of the state of parties in Ireland at the period referred to, its honesty, boldness, and fidelity, have been repeatedly recognized. After eight years of authorship Furlong died at the early age of thirty-three, in midsummer, 1827. A public funeral honoured his remains; a monument to his memory has been raised in the churchyard of Drumcondra. Furlong was of low stature; the contour of his face was classic, but haggard and careworn. He had an intellectual forehead, thoughtful in expression, and a sparkling eye. Some of his best pieces are unpolished, but, like ingots, they bear a brand of high value. Original genius is stamped on his most immature productions; and their occasional roughness can only be regarded as an evidence of the strength of the poet's mind, which discipline had never tamed. His short life of mercantile drudgery gave him no leisure for even self-education. By the great and influential he was unpatronized and unrecognized. Furlong deserves credit for more than what he lived to accomplish. He gave unmistakable promise of achieving great things when leisure, experience, thought, and reading should mature his judgment, and improve
