the chief of the Ghibelline party. This treasonable conduct was the cause of his ruin. When Cardinal Albornoz came to reassert the rights of the church in the Marche and the Romagna, Giovanni was expelled from Gubbio in 1354. His son Gabrielle de Gabrielli was bishop of Gubbio, and being on terms of friendship with the pope, was made vicar of the church in that town; but he resigned his office soon after. Francesco, his brother, attempted to impose on Gubbio the sway of his family; but the people fought successfully against him, and placed themselves under the protection of Antonio da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino. From that time forward the Gabrielli ceased to be independent lords, and acknowledged the suzerainty of the dukes of Urbino. Federico Gabrielli served as condottiere under Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, in the time of Leo X.; and when the duke was deprived of his domains by the Medicis, Gabrielli lost a part of his estates, and retired into private life. The last member of the family worthy of any notice was Giulio, who was Latin secretary at the council of Trent, and left some good translations from Greek into Latin, among which were the treatises of Plutarch, and the Cyropedia. He died March 12, 1579.—A. S., O.
GABRIELLI, Giulio, born in 1748; died in 1822; a Roman cardinal under Pius VII. His protest against Napoleon on behalf of the papal cause in 1808, provoked the wrath of the emperor, who caused him to be arrested. He followed the pope to France, and was allowed to live with him at Fontainbleau in 1813. He returned to Rome after the restoration, and would probably have been elected pope at the death of Pius VII., but he died before the papal see was vacant.—A. S., O.
GABRINI. See Rienzi.
* GACHART, Louis Prosper, born in Paris in 1801; first known as a working printer in the house of Ducessois. He became an avocat, and applied himself to the study of history. He changed his residence to Brussels, and became a naturalized Belgian. In 1831 he was made archivist of Belgium, and afterwards employed on several commissions connected with the records of the country. His publications are said to throw a new light on the relations of Spain to the Low Countries. Several historical and antiquarian memoirs have been published by him in the Transactions of the Belgian Academy.—J. A., D.
GACON, François, born at Lyons in 1667; died at Baillon in 1725; was first a member of the congregation of the oratory, but threw aside the ecclesiastical habit to pass an idle life in writing satirical verse, which was rewarded in some cases by imprisonment, in others by the application of the cudgel. Anxious for immediate notoriety, he thought it would be soonest obtained by attacking the literary men of highest reputation. With the exception of Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Pradon, he failed in drawing them to answer. In a war of epigrams with Pradon, Gacon sometimes gave as good as he got. He published satires against La Motte, Fontenelle, and Bossuet. Fatigued with this kind of life, he resumed the ecclesiastical habit, got a benefice, retired to the country, and died at peace with society. Of his works a translation of Anacreon, with a mock life of the poet, in which he deals satirically with all those he called enemies, is the most amusing.—J. A., D.
GACON, Marie Armande Jeanne, born in Paris in 1753; died about 1835. She wrote a great number of historical and philosophical romances, which excited considerable attention when first published. But her numerous contributions to social science and to agriculture, procured her a more lasting reputation. She was one of the first writers in the Bibliothèque Agronomique. After the death of M. d'Humières, her first husband, she was appointed reader to the court of Louis XVI. She afterwards married M. Dufour, an eminent barrister.—R. V. C.
GADBURY, John, the successor of Lilly and the rival of Partridge in the trade, of astrological imposture, was born at Wheatley, near Oxford, Dec. 31, 1627, his father being a yeoman of that parish, and his mother a daughter of Sir John Curzon of Waterperry, knight. He was apprenticed to one Thomas Nicols, a tailor in Oxford, but forsook that line of business in 1644 and went up to London. Vehemently moved to become a pupil of Lilly, he was soon enabled, by the instructions of that eminent professor, to commence business on his own account. There was great luck in store for him in London; and what with almanac-making, fortune-telling, and writing nativities and prodigies, he speedily became the envy of every member of his profession. Having quarrelled with his master, he lashed old Lilly savagely in "Anti-Merlinus Anglicus." Lilly feebly replied by calling him a "monster of ingratitude," and "a graceless fellow." The old man was no match apparently for his Oxford pupil. But Partridge was. In his Nebulo Anglicanus, or the first part of the Black Life of John Gadbury, he laid at the door of Lilly's pupil all the great crimes of the time, besides an abundant supply of ordinary and extraordinary vices. He was buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster, Cunningham says, in 1704.—J. S., G.
GADDESDEN or GATESDEN, John of, a physician and ecclesiastic of the fourteenth century, known as "John the Englishman." The "Rosa-Anglica," first published at Pavia in 1492, a work compiled by him chiefly from the Arabian and Latin physicians, contains much interesting information concerning the state of medical science in his time. It records many of the receipts then implicitly believed in by the vulgar; for Gaddesden, while superior in his attainments to many contemporary practitioners was by no means free from the superstitious and absurd notions in regard to the healing art prevalent among the illiterate. Gaddesden exhibits in this work an acquaintance with the art of distilling fresh from salt water. Dr. Freind, in his History of Physic, has somewhat illiberally accused its author of gross ignorance and quackery. Gaddesden was educated in Paris, and he was the first Englishman who held the post of court physician. In that capacity he attended Edward II. and Edward III. He studied theology at Merton college, Oxford, and as an ecclesiastic held a prebend of St. Paul's. He died about 1350.—R. V. C.
GADDI, the name of a celebrated Florentine family of artists. Gaddo Gaddi, the oldest of the family, was born at Florence in 1239, and was accordingly only three years younger than Giotto; he was a painter and worker in mosaic, but no painting of his is now preserved; his mosaics, however, at Rome and Florence are still in a good state of preservation. He was invited to Rome by Clement V. to complete the mosaics left unfinished by Jacopo da Turrita. Gaddo was originally the assistant of Andrea Tafi, whom he aided in the mosaics of the baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence; his style is the mediæval Byzantine; in the gallery of the Uffizi is a head of Christ, with the monogram in the Greek form, IC. XC. for Iesous Christos. He was the friend and companion of Cimabue; he died in 1312.—Taddeo Gaddi was the son of Gaddo, and was born at Florence in 1300; he was the godson of Giotto, and that painter seems to have taken care of Taddeo after his father's death, as he lived with Giotto twenty-four years. He was the most distinguished of Giotto's numerous school, and he somewhat enlarged upon the forms of his master, though he adhered strictly to his symmetrical style of composition; and he can hardly be said to have surpassed Giotto in expression, though he equalled him: in colouring he was superior. Both masters are now represented in the national gallery—Giotto by two spirited heads, and Taddeo by an important altarpiece. The touch or execution of Giotto appears to be the freer, in these two examples; but there is some very good drawing in Taddeo's picture. It is in tempera, and represents the baptism of Christ, and, according to an inscription upon it, was painted in 1337 for Filippo Neroni. It was formerly in the Abbey del Sasso di Camaldoli in the Casentino, in Tuscany, and formed one of the Lombardi collection purchased in 1857. It is in its original frame, in eleven separate compartments, three forming the principal picture; above these, three forming the cuspidi, or gothic points of the altarpiece, and below, a predella in five compartments. Taddeo's principal works in painting are the frescoes of the Giugni chapel in the church of Santa Croce at Florence; he was also a great architect. The date of his death is not known; but he was still living in 1366. Two great architectural works by Taddeo still remain; the famous Campanile of Florence built after a design by Giotto; and in 1342 the Ponte Vecchio; he built also the Ponte della Trinità, which was destroyed by a flood in 1557. He amassed great wealth, and was the founder of the present Florentine family of the Gaddi. He left two sons, Giovanni and Angelo; the former died young; the latter was a distinguished painter, and established a merchant's house in Venice, in which he placed his sons, and by this means added greatly to the fortune inherited from his father. The date of his death is unknown, but he was living in 1390. C. Cennini, who wrote a treatise on painting in 1437, was the scholar of Angelo Gaddi.—(Vasari, &c.)—R. N. W.
* GADE, Niels Wilhelm, a musician, was born at Copenhagen in 1818. He commenced his career as a violinist, in
