Leipsic, where he enjoyed the friendship of Gellert and Rabener. He afterwards became a contributor to the well-known Bremische Beiträge, and in 1747 was appointed professor at Brunswick, where he died February 14, 1791. He did great service to German literature not only by his writings, but by his personal influence with the most distinguished of his contemporaries.—K. E.
GAETA, Duc de. See Gaudin.
GAETANI; a Neapolitan family, professing descent from the Longobard princes of Gaeta, from which it took its name. Loffredus Gaetano married a niece of Pope Alexander IV., and had by her a son, who eventually filled the papal see under the name of Boniface VIII.—Francesco, nephew of the latter, and made cardinal by him, was one of the staunchest supporters of Boniface, when the king of France, acting through Nogaret and the Colonnas, attacked him in his own palace in Anagni in 1295.—Pietro, another nephew of Boniface, was at this time marquis of Ancona. In the second half of the fourteenth century, Onorato Gaetani, count of Fondi, one of the most distinguished of the Gaetani, governed the Campagna di Roma, under Pope Gregory XI. Having taken part with the cardinals against the people of Rome, during the vacancy of the papal see, he was banished by the Romans. He favoured the election of the anti-pope, Clement VII., in order to revenge himself for some injury he had received from Urban VII. He was a faithful supporter of Queen Giovanna of Naples against Charles of Durazzo, and his hostility to the new dynasty lasted till his death.—Antonio Gaetani was patriarch of Aquileia in 1395, and died in January, 1412, leaving a work under the title "Pro Ecclesiæ Romanæ Unione."—Cristoforo his brother, count of Fondi, who flourished in the first half of the fifteenth century, was a gallant soldier, and was raised by King Ladislaus of Naples to the rank of grand-marshal of the kingdom. He followed the party of Queen Giovanna against the pretender, Louis of Anjou, and after her death he raised the standard of Alfonso of Arragon, and armed in his behalf his vassals and supporters in the Abruzzi. He was subsequently made prisoner with the king himself by the Genoese fleet in the naval battle of the 9th of August, 1435, near Gaeta, and taken with Alfonso to Genoa.—Onorato II. his son distinguished himself by his loyalty to King Ferdinand, the successor of Alfonso, when almost all the barons of the kingdom transferred their allegiance to Anjou. He was highly rewarded for his services, and died in 1489.—Onorato III. his son, who had shared in the rebellion of the Neapolitan nobles, was arrested, and ended his life in 1487.—Onorato IV., who lived in the second half of the fifteenth century, was proscribed by Charles VIII. of France on his invasion of Naples, and lost the greater part of his estates; but he subsequently obtained from Ferdinand the Catholic large grants of land, and the title of Duke of Trajetto in 1497.—Federico his son was executed at the resumption of hostilities between France and Spain under Charles V., for having conspired with the French commanders against Spain in 1528.—Alfonso Gaetani, third duke of Laurenzano, was a gallant soldier, especially distinguished at the siege of Lerida. He died of wounds received in battle in 1649. Another branch of the house of the Gaetani, that of the dukes of Sermoneta, also produced some celebrated personages. Nicola, second duke of Sermoneta, lived in the second half of the fifteenth century, and was an object of hatred to Pope Alexander VI., Borgia. One of his sons was killed in prison by order of the pope, and he himself was eventually poisoned.—Onorato his brother fought with remarkable gallantry at the battle of Lepanto, and afterwards took service in Spain. Among his descendants we find the name of Pietro, duke of Sermoneta, in the second half of the sixteenth century, who commanded the army destined by Pope Gregory XIV. to help the Ligne in France, and of Francesco, born in 1652, who was involved in the conspiracy of Macchia, and narrowly escaped with his life when the plot was discovered. Among the modern representatives of the Gaetani family, Don Michele has gained a name in Roman society for literary talents, and for a peculiar gift of satire.—A. S., O.
GAETANO, Cesare, Conte della Torre, was born at Syracuse in 1718. Having completed his studies in his native city, he went to Naples and afterwards to Rome, where he spent the greater part of his time in the study of poetry and archæology, corresponding and conversing with the most enlightened men of the age. After some years of absence he returned to Syracuse, where he wrote a history of the city, and contributed to the formation of a museum, which he enriched with medals, coins, statuettes, and the inscription of Queen Filisti. Gaetano subsequently accepted the chair of moral philosophy in the university at Syracuse. He left a poem entitled "I Doveri dell, Uomo." He died in August, 1808.—A. C. M.
GAFFAREL, Jacques, was born at Mannes in Provence about 1601. He was educated at the university of Valence, and devoted himself with such zeal to rabbinical studies, that, at the early age of twenty-four, he published a volume at Paris on the mysteries of the Cabala. His remarkable talents speedily attracted the attention of Richelieu, who made him keeper of his library, and allowed him a travelling pension, so that he might seek for valuable books and manuscripts. At Rome, Gaffarel visited Campanella, then imprisoned by the Inquisition. In 1629 he published his "Curiosites inouyes sur la Sculpture talismanique des Persans," &c., a work in which he so freely avowed his belief in talismanic influences, and advanced so many other heretical opinions, that he was censured by the Sorbonne, and obliged to recant. An English version of this curious book, by Chilmead, appeared in 1650. Gaffarel, on his return to France, was employed by Richelieu in his vain attempt to bring back the protestants to the Church of Rome. He afterwards commenced a work, which he did not live to finish, on "The Subterranean World," describing the various mines, caves, and catacombs which he had visited during his long travels. He died at the convent of Sigonce, of which he was abbé, in 1681. His abilities were tarnished by excessive credulity, but he was undoubtedly a man of profound scholarship, and of a quick, refined, and subtle genius.—W. J. P.
GAFFURIUS. See Gafori.
GAFORI or GAFFURIUS, Franchinus, a learned writer on music, was a native of Lodi, and born in 1451. His parents intended him for a priest; but he loved music better than theology, and devoted himself to composition and the study of the plain chant. His youth was spent in close application to music, and in endeavouring to find rules for a science which was yet in its infancy. He successively resided at Verona, Genoa, Naples, Monticello, Bergamo, and Milan, in all of which places he received distinguishing marks of honour. In 1484 he was appointed master of the choir in the cathedral of Milan, in which city he lived till the period of his death in June, 1522. His first work, "Theoreticum opus Armonicæ Disciplinæ," was printed at Naples in 1480, and was little more than an abridgment of Boethius, with some additions from Guide. In 1496 he published at Milan his "Practica Musica utriusque cantus," which treats chiefly of the elements of music and the practice of singing according to the method of Guido. This is written in so clear and perspicuous a manner as to show plainly that Gafori was perfectly master of his subject. Another work by this writer was entitled "Angelicum ac divinum opus musicæ." It was printed at Milan in 1508, and from its style and manner, seems to have contained the substance of the lectures he had read at Cremona, Lodi, and other places. It, however, contains little more than what may be found in the writings of Boethius, and other preceding theorists. His treatise "De Harmonia musicorum instrumentorum," printed at Milan in 1518, contains the doctrines of such of the Greek musical writers as had come into the hands of the author. The writings of Gafori, in the course of a very few years, became so famous that they were spread almost all over Europe; and the precepts contained in them were inculcated in most of the schools, universities, and other public seminaries of Italy, France, Germany, and England. The benefit arising from his labours was manifested, not only by an immense number of treatises on music that appeared in various countries in the succeeding age, but also by the musical compositions of the sixteenth century, formed after the precepts of Gafori, which became the model of musical perfection.—E. F. R.
GAGE, Thomas, a clergyman and traveller, son of Sir John Gage of Haling. In 1612 he was sent by his father, a staunch adherent of the Roman catholic faith, into Spain, with injunctions to prepare himself for the priesthood among the jesuits. Preferring the dominicans, however, he became a member of their order at Valladolid, and having thus irritated his father to the point of disinheriting him, he determined to pass over to the Spanish possessions in South America. This was a voyage forbidden to Englishmen at the time, and the first part of it was therefore performed by Gage in an empty sea-biscuit case.
