independence; that with such an army Italy would have no longer need of foreign armies, who, under pretence of liberating her, will eat her up morsel by morsel; that wherever Italians combat their oppressors the valorous should be sent, provided with the necessaries for their journey; that the Sicilian insurrection must not only be aided in Sicily, but wherever there are enemies to combat."
The recent career of the "Liberator" is as yet matter for newspaper history, rather than for a work like the present. Landing at Marsala on the 11th May, he won on the 14th the battle of Calatafimi, and entered on the 27th the city of Palermo, which capitulated on the 31st. Relating but a short time to organize the Sicilian levies, the end of July saw him master of Melazzo and Messina. At this time he narrowly escaped assassination at the hands of a miscreant hired for that purpose by the affrighted tyrant. But on the 10th August—the way having been prepared by a smaller expedition a few days previously—he left the Faro, and crossing the straits became rapidly master of Reggio, Villa San Giovanni, and Pezzo. On the 8th September he entered Naples with only a few attendants, the king having fled two days before. He met with a most enthusiastic reception and immediately proceeded to Caserta, where he took up his quarters in the king's palace. His lines extended from Sta. Maria to St. Angelo, along the banks of the Volturno, in front of Capua. His troops defeated the Neapolitan forces at Cajazzo on the 19th of September, and at the battle of the Volturno on the 1st of October, his personal presence, wherever the fire was hottest, decided the issue of the battle, which was for some time doubtful. On the 19th October, at St. Angelo, the English brigade, assisted by the Bersaglieri, repulsed an attack upon their outposts. On the 24th Garibaldi joined Victor Emmanuel, who was marching to his assistance, at Lessa. On the 8th November the king made his entry into Naples, and the following day Garibaldi formally presented to his majesty the result of the vote taken in the Two Sicilies with respect to annexation to Sardinia. With this formality the authority of the dictator and his ministers ceased. To this brief account of the liberator of Italy it need hardly be added that, from first to last, his high and heroic courage, energy, and determination, his constant vigilance and noble patriotism, were the theme of every tongue throughout the civilized world. He inspired his soldiers with the most ardent devotion to his person as well as to the cause of Italy, and the streets of Naples never resounded with a more enthusiastic cry than that of "Viva Garibaldi."—M.
GARIEL, Piérre, born at Montpellier about 1580; died in 1670. Gariel's life was past in his native town. He mentions having received what are called the four minor orders in the church of Notre Dame-des-Tables at Montpellier in 1602; and he died dean of the cathedral there. He is known by various contributions to the history of Montpellier and the district. One of his works has been, on what do not appear to be good grounds, ascribed to others.—J. A., D.
GARISSOLES, Antoine, a French protestant divine, born at Montauban in 1587, and was ordained, at the age of twenty-three, pastor of the church of Puylaurens, where he laboured assiduously for several years. In 1627 he was appointed one of the professors of theology in the institution at Montauban, and the duties of this office he discharged with much ability till his death in 1650. Garissoles, in the controversies of the time, commands attention and respect as no less prudent and honourable than able and courageous. He wrote "De Imputatione primi peccati Adæ;" "De Christo Mediatore;" sermons; and a poem descriptive of the achievements of Gustavus Adolphus.—J. B. J.
GARLAND, John, or Joannes de Garlandia, a grammarian, who probably flourished in the thirteenth century—not in the eleventh, as is commonly said. His most celebrated works were—"Synonyma," Paris, 1490, 4to; and "Multorum Vocabulorum Equivocorum Interpretatio," London, 1492, 4to. He wrote two poems—"On the Contempt of the World," Lyons, 1489; and "Facetus," Cologne, 1520.—R. V. C.
* GARNERAY, Ambroise Louis, French marine-painter, was born at Paris, February 19, 1783. The son of Jean François Garneray, a clever painter of portraits and architectural subjects, the youth was early taught the arts of design; but a strong inclination for the sea led to his entering the navy at the age of thirteen. For ten years he served in successive vessels; and during that time was more than once wrecked, and took part in several naval actions. In the last of these, the frigate La Belle-Poule, on board which he served, was taken, and Garneray was carried prisoner, June, 1806, to Portsmouth. There he remained till the end of the war; and he solaced his long captivity by painting sea-pieces, which found a ready sale in that busy port. On his return to France he prepared to pass the usual examination for captain of the navy, but some specimens of his pencil attracted attention; the king, Louis XVIII. , took him under his protection, and Garneray resolved to adopt marine painting as his profession. His first exhibition picture was "The Port of London," which appeared at the Salon in 1816; and for nearly forty years some contribution of his appeared at each succeeding exhibition. It is neither possible nor desirable to give a list of these pictures; they include sea-views, fishing-pieces, coast scenery, and sea-fights, among which last M. Garneray has even found some in which the French flag floats victoriously over the English. His pictures are to be seen in all the royal and national collections. Many of them have been engraved or lithographed; and he himself has etched in aquatint a series of sixty-four folio "Vues des Côtes des France," and forty "Views of Foreign Ports." He also published a series of notes on his naval adventures, with wood-cuts from his own drawings. In 1837 M. Garneray was made director of the Musée at Rouen, but resigned it to enter the Sèvre manufactory, where for ten years he painted the maritime subjects on the superior articles produced there. In 1852 he was nominated chevalier of the legion of honour.—His brother, Auguste Simeon Garneray, born in 1785; died in 1824; also enjoyed some reputation as an artist. He painted a good deal in water-colours, and was much patronized by the empresses Josephine and Marie-Louise, Queen Hortense, and the duchesse de Berri. His works are all of a trifling order.—J. T—e.
GARNÉRIN, André Jacques, a celebrated French aeronaut, was born in Paris on the 31st of January, 1769 or 1770, and died there on the 18th or 21st of August, 1823. In his youth he was a pupil of the aeronaut Charles. In 1793 he was engaged to accompany the French republican army of the north, it is supposed for the purpose of watching the movements of the enemy from a balloon; but before that plan could be executed, he was taken prisoner by the Austrians. Having been liberated by an exchange of prisoners, he began, about 1796, to act as a public exhibiter of balloon ascents. He was the first to carry into practical operation the use of the parachute as a means of descending from the balloon. In 1678 Lebesnier had descended from a height in a parachute without a balloon; and the combination of the parachute with the balloon had been proposed by Montgolfier; but the first actual descent in a parachute from a balloon was that of Garnérin on the 22d of October, 1797, performed in public with great skill and courage. Garnérin assisted in the establishment of the school of aeronautics, founded by Napoleon I. at Meudon in 1804. He superintended the preparation of an ornamental balloon, carrying an imperial crown decorated with lamps, which was let off from the Parvis Notre Dame on the evening following the emperor's coronation. It is alleged that this machine passed next day over the dome of the cathedral of St. Peter at Rome, and fell into the lake of Bracciano. The death of Garnérin was caused by an accident. He left a small fortune which he had saved to an adopted daughter. The only work which he is known to have written is a pamphlet published in 1813, complaining of an attempt on the part of his brother to appropriate the credit of the invention of the parachute, and entitled "Usurpation d'état et de réputation par un frère au préjudice d'un frère."—W. J. M. R.
GARNÉRIN, Jean Baptiste Olivier, elder brother of the preceding, and also an aeronaut and a pupil of Charles, was born in Paris in 1766, and died there in 1849.—W. J. M. R.
GARNET, Henry, sometime superior of the jesuits in England, is remembered chiefly for his alleged participation in the Gunpowder Plot. His birth, parentage, and early life are involved in considerable obscurity. According to one account, he was born in 1555, a native of Derbyshire, and the son of a gentleman; according to another, the year of his birth was 1550, his native place Nottingham, and his father a schoolmaster. It is certain that he was educated at Winchester college; but opinions vary as to the reason why, instead of proceeding, as had been intended, to New college, Oxford, he repaired at an early age to London and became a corrector of the press to Tottel, the celebrated law-printer. Protestant writers ascribe the circumstance to the laxity of his morals; Roman catholic biographers, to his early disinclina-
