ap-Dher and Philip Scudamore, Owen's son-in-law, were taken prisoners and executed in London as traitors. The last glimpse we obtain of this redoubtable chief is in 1416, when Henry V. commissioned Sir Gilbert Talbot to treat with Meredith, Glendwr's son, offering his father and his adherents a free pardon if they should submit. It is probable that Owen died soon after, in 1415; it is alleged, in the house of one of his daughters, who had married a wealthy knight of Herefordshire. There is a tombstone in the churchyard of Monnington in Hereford, which is believed to mark his grave. Glendwr was undoubtedly a very extraordinary character, and possessed a rare combination of physical and moral excellence. He was distinguished for his indomitable energy, bravery, patriotism, and ambition, sullied, however, by cruelty and revenge. His enthusiastic, impetuous, irascible, yet generous disposition and gallant spirit, have been graphically portrayed by Shakspeare in his Henry IV. The memory of the daring exploits of this last champion of the independence of Wales lingers to this day among the mountain peasantry of his native district.—J. T.
GLIDDON, George R., a citizen of the United States, born in Devonshire, England, in 1807, distinguished for his acquaintance with Egyptian antiquities. Mr. Gliddon's father. United States consul for Egypt, carried on business as a merchant in Alexandria, and it was during twenty-three years which George R. Gliddon spent in Egypt that he acquired his eminent archæological knowledge. During the latter part of his residence in that country he was United States consul at Cairo. He left Egypt about 1840, during the war between the Turkish government and Mehemet Ali, whom he had supported. He died on 16th November, 1857, at Panama. He wrote "Ancient Egypt; her Monuments, Hieroglyphics, History, and Archæology," 13th ed., Lond., 1853, a book which in less than three years had a circulation in America of eighteen thousand copies; "Discourses on Egyptian Archæology;" and "Otto Ægyptiaca," 1849. In conjunction with Dr. Nott of Mobile he also published in 1854, "The Types of Mankind; Ethnological Researches," &c., a work which has given rise to no little controversy.—R. V. C.
GLINKA, Feodor Nikolaevich, born at Smolensk in 1788, entered the army in 1803, and fought against Austria in 1805, but shortly after retired from the service to devote himself to literature. The French invasion in 1812 drew him from his retirement, and he was in active service till the end of the campaign of 1814, when he finally left the army with the grade of colonel. He was exiled for a time on suspicion of his being implicated in the proceedings of some secret societies. Glinka is accounted one of the best of the military writers of Russia he wrote war-songs which gave him great popularity among soldiers, and his "Letters of a Russian Officer," 1815-16, 8 vols , exhibit fine descriptive powers and remarkable versatility of critical talent. Some of his poems of a religious cast are also highly reputed.—J. S., G.
GLINKA, Gregory Nikolaevich, a Russian translator, born of noble parentage in 1774, in the government of Smolensk; died at Moscow in February, 1818. He began his career as a page at the imperial court, became an officer in a regiment of infantry, and after some service in the department of foreign affairs, accepted the chair of Russian literature at the university of Dorpat. In 1811 he resigned this post on being nominated tutor in Russian literature to the Grand-duke Nicholas, whom he accompanied on his travels. Besides translations from the French and German, he published a "Dissertation on the Ancient Religion of the Slavonians," and some other original works.—J. S., G.
GLINKA, Michel, a musician, was born near Smolensk in Russia in 1804; he died at Berlin, February 15, 1857. The specimens of his composition which have found their way to this country are an interesting evidence of the advanced condition of musical cultivation in Russia, of which we have scarcely any other proof besides the fine specimens of national tunes that have been appropriated by composers of other lands, and the well-known fact that musical artists are more liberally remunerated in the Muscovite empire than anywhere else in the world. Glinka was most probably of noble extraction, and was certainly of a distinguished literary family, four members of which are known by their poetical and philological works. He spent much time in France and Italy, and also visited Germany, where he found many opportunities of displaying his talent as a pianist. His most important works are—the music of a ballet called "Chao-Kang;" a historical opera called "Tizne za Tzaria" (Life for the Czar), the national character of which secured for it a great popularity; and a fairy opera called "Rooslan and Loodmila," which was first produced at Petersburg in 1844, was reproduced with alterations at Moscow some years afterwards, and successfully revived at Petersburg since the composer's death, and which is said to be his masterpiece. A selection of his songs has been published at Leipsic, Milan, Paris, and London, as a tribute to his memory, by B. Engelhardt, his intimate friend; these are remarkable for decided originality, musical knowledge, poetical feeling, and melodious grace. Some instrumental pieces of this composer have less merit.—G. A. M.
GLINKA, Sergy Nikolaevich, born in the government of Smolensk in 1774 (the year to which the birth of his relative Gregory is also assigned), served for some years in the army, but in 1799 retired with the rank of major, and devoted himself to the education of youth. He edited the Russian Messenger from 1808 to 1820, wrote several poems, tragedies, and operas, and translated into Russian prose Young's Night Thoughts, but is best known by his "History of Russia for the use of Youth," 14 vols., 1822, and by his various contributions to the history of the empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.—J. S., G.
GLISSON, Francis, an English physician, was born in 1597 at Rampisham in Dorsetshire. He studied at Caius college, Cambridge, took his M.A. degree in 1624, and became fellow of his college in 1627. In 1634 he obtained his degree of M D., and soon after was appointed regius professor of physic at Cambridge. Dr. Glisson, though he held this professorship for forty years, did not reside at Cambridge. In 1634 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in London, and in 1639 he was appointed by that learned body lecturer on anatomy. Animated, like Dr. Harvey, his great predecessor in that chair, by the inductive spirit which Lord Bacon infused into modern science. Dr. Glisson endeavoured to lay a solid foundation for the medical art in actual experiment; and in pursuing his inquiries into the human frame he made various valuable discoveries in anatomy, and acquired for himself the reputation of being omnium anatomicorum exactissimus. His lectures, "De morbis partium," before the college of physicians placed him at once among the most eminent men of his profession. Dr. Glisson's application to the peaceful pursuits of science was interrupted by the civil war. He retired to Colchester, but it was only to endure there for ten weeks in 1648 the horrors of the memorable siege. After spending some time in the practice of his profession in that city, Dr. Glisson returned to London, and published in 1654 his "Anatomia Hepatis," being a treatise upon the rickets, a disease which about this time made its appearance in England. Dr. Glisson was one of those learned men who took an active part in the organization of the Royal Society about the year 1660. Dr. Glisson did not desert his post during the ravages of the plague, 1664-66, but was incessantly engaged in the duties of his profession. After being for some years president of the College of Physicians, Dr. Glisson died in London in 1677. Besides professional works, he wrote “De naturæ substantia energetica, seu de via vitro naturae ejusque tribus primis facultatibus," 1672.—R. V. C.
* GLOCKER, Ernst Friedrich, a distinguished mineralogist, was born at Stuttgart, May 1, 1793. He studied theology at the university of Tübingen, and having been ordained, succeeded in obtaining a small preferment. This, however, he vacated in 1817, to devote himself to the study of mineralogy, under the celebrated Weiss at Berlin. Through the recommendation of the latter, he was elected in 1824 to a professorship in the university of Breslau, to which was added, in 1832, the post of director of the mineralogical museum of the university, which he is still holding. He has written numerous works on mineralogy, the most notable of which are—"Handbuch der Mineralogie;" "Grundriss der Mineralogie mit Einschluss der Geognosie und Petrefactenkunde;" "Generum at specierum mineralium secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis;" and "Uber einige neue fossile Thierformen."—F. M.
GLOUCESTER. See Robert of Gloucester.
GLOUCESTER, William Frederick, Duke of, son o Prince William Henry, third son of Frederick prince of Wales, and brother of George III., was born at Rome in 1776, and died in 1834. In his seventeenth year a commission was procured for him in the 1st regiment of foot guards. During the inglorious campaign in Holland in 1793-94, against the French
