GOETZ VON BERLICHINGEN. See Berlichingen.
GOETZE, Johann August Ephraim, younger brother of Johann Melchior, born at Halberstadt, May 28, 1731, studied theology at Halle, and became minister of the hospital church there in 1756. From an early age he evinced a predilection for natural history, and published—"Entomologische Beiträge zu Linné's Natursystem;" "Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer;" "Europaische Fauna," continued by J. A. Donndorf. Götze wrote a considerable number of books for children; the most important is "Natur, Menschenle-ben, und Vorsehung." He died June 27, 1793.—F. M.
GOETZE, Johann Melchior, a Lutheran divine, who signalized himself by his antagonism to Lessing, was born at Halberstadt, 16th October, 1717, and studied theology at Jena and Halle. He was an assistant pastor first at Aschersleben, and afterwards at Magdeburg, and in 1755 was appointed to the church of St. Catherine in Hamburg. The spirit of rationalism was then pouring itself over all Germany like a flood, and Götze has the great merit of having set himself in opposition to it with a steadfast Lutheran faith, and a heroic Luther-like courage. When Lessing published the celebrated Wolfenbüttel Fragments, Götze stood forward manfully to defend the truth and authority of God's word against the spirit of unbelief which uttered itself in that work. It is not pretended that he was a match for Lessing in point of literary power and splendour, but he continues to occupy an honourable place in the esteem of his believing countrymen at the present day as an able, faithful, and useful champion of the truth in evil times. He died, 19th May, 1786, leaving behind him upwards of sixty publications.—P. L.
* GOETZENBERG, Francis Jacob Julius, a German historical painter, and one of the distinguished scholars of the Düsseldorf school, was born at Heidelberg about 1805. He was devoted in his early days to music, to songs and wanderings in the woods, but eventually displayed so much taste for art that his father sent him to study in the then celebrated academy of Munich, where, in 1820, he attracted the notice of the great painter Cornelius, who employed him as an assistant in the preparation of his cartoons for the frescoes of the Glyptothek, or sculpture gallery, being then decorated for the crown prince of Bavaria, afterwards Ludwig I. Götzenberg remained with Cornelius four years, working with him at Munich in the spring, and accompanying him to Düsseldorf in the autumn. It was through Cornelius that Götzenberg and Carl Hermann were employed, in 1824, to decorate in fresco the Aula or hall of the university of Bonn. The first of the four large frescoes here executed, the "Theology," was painted by the two together, the other three—"Jurisprudence," "Philosophy," and "Medicine"—were executed by Götzenberg alone. He was engaged at Bonn until 1833, but had in the meanwhile spent some time in Rome. When these frescoes were completed he was made a knight of the black eagle by the Prussian government; and in 1833 was appointed by the grand-duke of Baden court painter, and afterwards director of the academy and gallery of Mannheim. His next works were the frescoes of a chapel at Nierstein, between 1838 and 1842, and a series of nineteen subjects for the new Trinkhalle at Baden-Baden. These last are works belonging to the romantic school of art, illustrating incidents of poetry or romance in the history of the Rhine country. They occupied the painter from 1843 to 1849. From this time Götzenberg's customary fortune forsook him; he was known to have liberal views, and was so far involved in the revolution of 1848-49 as to be arrested and thrown into prison, where he passed a wretched period of seventeen months, at the end of which term he was released from prison but perpetually banished from his native country, and has had also to suffer a separation from his wife and children. He came to England, and for six years lived in great poverty, till in 1858 another favourable change came over his fortunes, and he was honoured by the earl of Ellesmere with the distinguished commission to complete the decorations of the magnificent hall of Bridgewater House, involving, among decorations of almost every description, the execution of a numerous series of frescoes from the English poets—a labour of six years—and which he is now prosecuting with great energy, taste, and ability, so that this saloon will, when completed, be one of the most splendidly decorated apartments in this country.—R. N. W.
GOEZ. See Goes.
GOFF, Thomas, a divine of the Shakspearian age, who wrote three tragedies, which Mr. Bolton Comey suggests may have been college exercises, and which Gifford condemns as "full of ridiculous bombast." They are entitled "The Raging Turke;" "The Couragious Turke;" and "The Tragedy of Orestes." Goff was born in Essex about 1592; was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church college, Oxford. In 1623 he was preferred to the living of East Clandon in Surrey, where he died July 17, 1629. Antony Wood says that a Xantippe of a wife and her family by a former husband served to hasten his end. His plays were published by Richard Meighen, one of the proprietors of the second folio Shakspeare. Two Latin orations and a sermon by Goff are also extant.—R. H.
GOFFE, William, was born about 1605. Warmly embracing the parliamentary cause, his puritan fervour and dauntless bravery ultimately raised him to high command. He was one of the judges of Charles I., and his signature, firmly and beautifully written, is attached to the famous death-warrant. Goffe was one of Cromwell's "major-generals;" and, after Monk's treason, he fled with General Whalley to America, landing at Boston 27th June, 1660. A price was set upon his head, and he had to fly from town to town of New England, sometimes resting with faithful puritan ministers, sometimes hiding in caverns amid the hills. For many years Goffe was concealed near Hadley, by Mr. Russell the minister of that town. In 1675, the inhabitants were at prayers when an alarm was given that the Indians were upon them. The savages, led on by Metacom (King Philip) in person, were swarming to the attack, and the townsmen were still under the influence of the panic when, in the moment of supreme peril, the old puritan general, bearded and roughly clad, suddenly appeared in the church. With a voice that had so often been heard amid the thunders of English war, he summoned the townsmen to arms; he placed himself, as of natural right, at their head, led them to the attack, and saved the town. Amid the confusion of the victory he silently disappeared. The date of his death is unknown.—W. J. P.
GOGOL, Nikolai, a Russian author, born about 1810 in Little Russia, was educated at Neghin, and at an early age went to St. Petersburg with a view to obtaining employment in the public service. Disappointed in this design, he turned his attention to literature, and produced a collection of sketches, "Evenings at a Farm-house," in which he surprised the metropolitan critics by delineations of the scenery, manners, and customs of his native province, equally admirable for vivacity and fidelity. After publishing another collection of the same character, which was also eagerly read, he produced his comedy of "The Revisor," in which he handled freely, but without offending the court, the inordinate peculation of Russian provincial officials. With this comedy, as well as with the "Evenings," French readers are conversant in admirable translations, one by Merimée, and the other by Viardot. The success of "The Revisor" encouraged the author to produce a novel, "Adventures of Chichagov, or Dead Souls," Moscow, 1842, in which he again trenched upon the domain of politics, without either sparing his wit and vivacity, or incurring the odium of government. An English translation of this work, pretending to be a novel never before published, was issued in 1854, under the title of "Home Life in Russia, by a Russian noble," from which some idea may be gained of Gogol's dramatic powers, but certainly no notion of the charm and vigour of his style. Shortly after the publication of the "Dead Souls" Gogol was obliged to seek the restoration of his health in a southern climate. He resided for some time at Rome, and during this period he sent to St. Petersburg the MS. of his "Correspondence," the publication of which irreparably damaged his popularity with all liberal minds in Russia. In this collection of letters, to the amazement and disgust of such men as Bielinsky, the author of "The Revisor" was found to have become the panegyrist of every form of tyranny, secular and priestly. Gogol returned to Russia in 1848, and died in penury at Moscow in 1851.—J. S., G.
GOGUET, Antoine-Yves, born at Paris in 1716; died in 1758. Goguet was the son of an avocat, and educated for that profession. After some short practice he purchased an office, which enabled him to devote the greater part of his time to literature. In 1758 he published a work, the style of which has been greatly praised, on the origin of laws and the progress of the arts and sciences among the ancients.—J. A., D.
GOHIER, Louis-Jérôme, was born at Semblançay in 1746,
