are they full of original fancy, geniality, and whim, but they display keen observation and depth of thought, with, at the same time, a clear perception of the specific style required for wood-engravings, and great technical skill. Among others he made designs to Robinson Crusoe; Gulliver's Travels; Don Quixote; La Bruyère; and the Fables of Florian; but the most successful to our thinking were the illustrations to La Fontaine's Fables, in which he has played with animal life with almost unequalled whim and vivacity. Grandville died under very sad circumstances in the prime of his powers. His last surviving child by his first marriage had somehow got a piece of meat firmly fixed in its throat; and whilst the agonized father hesitated whether to consent to a dangerous operation, the child died in his arms. The shock was more than he could bear; his reason gave way, and he died soon after, March 17, 1847.—J. T—e.
GRANET, François-Marius, a celebrated French painter, was born at Aix in Provence, September 17, 1775. The son of a mason, he early showed a decided talent for drawing, and having been sent to Paris at the expense of some of his fellow-townsmen, he entered the atélier of David. He devoted himself, however, more particularly to studying and copying in the Louvre the works of Rembrandt and other Dutch masters of chiaroscuro. A picture which he sent to the Salon, "Le Cloître des Feuillants," attracted attention and brought him numerous commissions. He now (1802) determined to visit Rome, where he continued to reside for many years. A view of the choir of the capuchins which he painted for Louis Bonaparte, ex-king of Holland, excited extraordinary admiration. From this time his pictures continued to be in great request, and he produced a large number. They are all pretty similar in character: for the most part interiors of buildings, either ecclesiastical or such as admitted of brilliant effects of sun or lamp-light, contrasted with broad masses of gloom, and enlivened with religious ceremonies or some historical event. These "effects" of contrasted light and shade are managed in a masterly manner, perspective illusion is cleverly obtained, and the pictures are well coloured and finished with great care; but the excessive popularity which they possessed was in a great measure factitious. Granet was elected a member of the Academy in 1830; he was also appointed keeper of the pictures in the Louvre, and later of the museum at Versailles. He died at Malvallat, near Aix, November 21, 1849, leaving the large wealth he had earned to his native town—part for the foundation and erection of a museum of art, and the support at Paris or Rome of a student from the Aix school of design; and the rest to various charitable institutions.—J. T—e.
GRANGE. See Lagrange.
GRANGER, Rev. James, was born in Berkshire about 1716. But little is known of the history of this eminent biographical writer. "My name and person," he wrote, "are known to few, as I had the good fortune to retire early to independence, obscurity, and content. My lot, indeed, is humble, so are my wishes." He studied at Christ Church, Oxford. Having taken orders, he was presented with the vicarage of Shiplake in Oxfordshire, and thenceforth, to use his own words, his ambition was limited to "being an honest man, and a good parish priest." He seems to have succeeded in attaining a character which secured the esteem and respect of all who knew him. In 1773 or 1774 he accompanied the earl of Bute, then Lord Mountstuart, on a tour to Holland, where he seems to have followed diligently his favourite pursuit of collecting portraits. On Sunday the 14th of April, 1776, while engaged in his own church in the administration of the sacrament of the Lord's supper, he suddenly fell down in a fit of apoplexy, and on the following morning he expired. The work by which he is best known is "A Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution, consisting of characters disposed in different classes, and adapted to a methodical catalogue of engraved British heads," 1769. He was occupied at the time of his death with a continuation of this work, assisted by his friend Sir William Musgrave and others. Undertaken for the amusement of his leisure hours, it exhibits the results of his labours in collecting portraits, for he restricted himself for the most part to the lives of those persons whose portraits he was able to publish. It went through two editions before the author's death, and by it a great impetus was temporarily given to the useful study of biography and to the collection of portraits. Among the sermons which Granger published are "An Apology for the Brute Creation, or abuse of animals censured," and "The Nature and Extent of Industry." He left a volume containing extracts from his correspondence with several literary men.—R. V. C.
GRANIER, Adolphe, known by the name of Granier de Cassagnac, born at Cassagnac in 1806; educated at Toulouse; was first known by political letters and articles in the local journals; was encouraged by Victor Hugo in 1832 to transfer his residence to Paris, and there found support by contributions to the literary and political papers of the day. The war between classicism and romanticism was then raging. He declared for romanticism, and provoked the classicists by essays against Racine. He advocated slavery, went to the Antilles, gave great offence by his opinions, and returned, having done nothing by his travels but marrying a Creole. At the coup d'état he did what he could to aid and vindicate Louis Napoleon. An article by him in Le Globe led to a duel with M. Lacrosse, in which Lacrosse was wounded. He published several works on the history of France since the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, the style of which is highly praised.—J. A., D.
GRANT, Mrs. Anne, of Laggan, a celebrated Scottish authoress, of whom it has been justly said that "her writings did much to awaken that taste for Scotland and its scenery, its traditions, and its superstitions, which was at once stimulated and gratified by the poems, the novels, and the histories of the author of Waverley." Mrs. Grant was born at Glasgow on the 21st of February, 1755. Her father, Duncan M'Vicar, was an officer in the British army, and her mother was a descendant of the ancient family of Stewart of Invernahyle in Argyllshire. Shortly after her birth her father accompanied his regiment to America, where he was afterwards joined by his wife and daughter, the latter being then scarcely three years old. With the view of settling in America he obtained a large grant of land, and had purchased several valuable properties, when, falling into bad health, he was obliged to return to Scotland in 1768, bringing with him his wife and daughter. He had left America without being able to dispose of his property, and on the breaking out of the revolutionary war, the whole was confiscated by the republican government. Shortly after his arrival in Scotland he was appointed barrack-master of Fort-Augustus. Here in 1779 Miss M'Vicar was united in marriage to the Rev. James Grant, an amiable and accomplished man, then filling the office of chaplain at Fort-Augustus, and afterwards appointed minister of Laggan in Inverness-shire. At the death of her husband in 1801, Mrs. Grant found herself burdened with the care of eight children, to which was added the pressure of some pecuniary obligations incurred by a too liberal hospitality. In these circumstances, her first step was to take charge of a small farm in the neighbourhood of Laggan; but this expedient soon failed, and in 1803 she removed to Woodend, near Stirling. It was necessary to try something else, and at last the friends of Mrs. Grant suggested the idea of authorship. Her first publication—"The Highlanders and other Poems"—was announced to be published by subscription, and so well did her friends exert themselves that three thousand subscribers were soon procured. This publication, which appeared in 1803, though not reviewed in the most flattering terms, was favourably received by the public, and its profits enabled Mrs. Grant to discharge her debts. This success prompted another attempt at authorship, and Mrs. Grant was advised by her friends to collect and publish her letters, which had been written in the manse of Laggan to her correspondents during a series of years. The result was her best and most popular work, the "Letters from the Mountains," which was published in 1806, went through several editions, and was so highly appreciated among the talented and influential men of the day as to procure for her many distinguished friends. "No person, I believe, was so astonished at their success as myself," said the accomplished authoress. Two other works which she subsequently published were respectively entitled, "Memoirs of an American Lady, with Sketches, Manners, and Scenery in America, as they existed previous to the Revolution;" and "Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlanders"—works which in no degree detracted from her well-earned literary reputation. In 1810 Mrs. Grant removed from Stirling to Edinburgh, where she resided during the rest of her life, distinguished in society by her brilliant conversational powers, and esteemed for her domestic virtues. She died 7th November, 1838, at the advanced age of eighty-four years. In 1825 a pension, which at first amounted to only £50, but was afterwards increased to £100 per annum, was granted her by government in consequence of an application in her behalf,
