reduction of the German rebels to obedience, when he was poisoned during supper by a monk at Buonconvento, near Siena, 24th August, 1313.—W. C. H.
HENRY, prince of Portugal, Duke of Visen, was the third son of John I. by Philipina of Lancaster, the sister of our own Henry IV., and was born at Oporto in 1394. In the Portuguese expedition to Centa in 1417 he displayed the most brilliant valour, and was dubbed a knight in the mosque of the captured city. Devoted from his boyhood to mathematical and geographical studies, he heard from Moorish travellers such accounts of Africa as quickened his interest in the progress of discovery. In the province of Algarve, about three miles from Cape St. Vincent, stands the promontory known as Cape Sagres, exposed to the full force of winds and waves. Here Prince Henry elected to reside. He built himself a noble mansion, from which he commanded an uninterrupted view of the open sea; and then fortifying the place on the land side by defensive works, constructing docks and arsenals, and building one of the first observatories ever founded in Europe, he commenced in earnest the great task which has earned for his name so glorious a renown. Voyagers, chartographers, and men of science from every land, were invited by the prince to assist him in his studies, and to aid him in his enterprises. Expedition after expedition was sent out, and with such brilliant success that the whole western coast of Africa, as far to the north as Sierra Leone, was explored, and the Azores and the Cape de Verd islands were discovered. In 1442, one of his captains, named Galianez, brought him slaves and gold from Africa; and a trading company was established under his auspices at Lagos. Shipbuilding was improved, the use of the compass was extended, and the manner of ascertaining latitude and longitude by astronomical observations was determined. Prince Henry left the executive part of discovery to more practical hands, but he was the inspiration and support of all the daring and skilful navigators who raised the fame of Portugal so high. While his first thoughts were of discovery, his second were of rendering the lands thus discovered useful to the human race; and, with this view, seeds, plants, and domestic animals, were introduced by his captains into the countries they explored. In all his enterprises, Prince Henry received the cordial and active co-operation of his brother, the duke of Coimbra, who had travelled in the East, and brought with him to Portugal the narrative of Marco Polo's wanderings, which was not published until a century later. In 1437 Prince Henry conducted a warlike expedition against the Moors, its object being the conquest of Tangiers; but although he displayed his accustomed courage and skill, the enterprise was a failure. He held numerous offices and titles, the chief being that of grand-master of the order of Christ. The friend and protector of learning and the learned, he abandoned his own palace at Lisbon to the use of the university. In 1460 he ended a life that had been thus usefully and honourably spent. He is described as a tall, large-boned man, of a grave and dignified presence, and very sober of speech.—W. J. P.
HENRY, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I. and Anne of Denmark, was born at Stirling on the 19th of February, 1594. His studies were directed by Adam Newton, a good scholar and strict tutor, who was sometimes the butt of the prince's precocious wit. In his ninth year, his father being then king of Great Britain, he was invested with the order of the garter; and in the following year, on the 4th of June, 1610, he was created Prince of Wales. His early tastes were in favour of military exercises, hunting, and hawking. Yet he neglected not more refined pursuits, for his collection of medals and coins was valued after his death at £3000. He was early allowed considerable liberty, and did not abuse it. The king having granted him St. James' palace for a residence, the prince's court there became so much more popular and brilliant than his father's, that the latter was piqued into saying—"Will he bury me alive?" Henry is said to have been very devout, and a great favourite with the puritans. His repugnance to marrying the infanta of Spain arose in great measure from his dislike to popery. Henry's friendship for Sir Walter Raleigh when in disgrace and captivity, redounds to the prince's credit. In the autumn of 1612 his health failed him, and an attack of fever came on. The Palsgrave Frederic (the unfortunate "winter king") had come to London to celebrate his nuptials with the Princess Elizabeth. Henry, spite of his bad health, was in a great match of tennis in his shirt in the month of October. On Sunday the 25th he was taken violently ill; and after twelve days' suffering, borne with piety and resignation, he died on the 6th of November, 1612. Rumours having spread that he was poisoned, a postmortem examination was made, and no trace of poison discovered. In the state paper office will be found many documents concerning Prince Henry, not the least curious of which is one entitled "Accounts of Sir David Murray for Prince Henry's privy purse expenses," in the year ending Michaelmas, 1610.—(Wilson's James I.; Aulicus Coquinariæ; Jesse's Stewarts; Calendar of State Papers )—R. H.
HENRY (Frederick Louis), Prince of Prussia, third son of Frederick William I., and younger brother of Frederick the Great, was born at Berlin in 1726. Whilst only in his seventeenth year he served as a colonel at the battle of Czaslau. His relations with his brother were always somewhat cold and restrained; but in 1752, when he married a princess of Hesse-Cassel, Frederick built him a palace at Berlin, and gave him the domains and castle of Rheinsberg. Henry possessed a profound knowledge of strategy, which was of brilliant service to his brother during the Seven Years' war. His crowning victory was the battle of Freyburg in 1762, in which the imperialist army was routed with a loss of eight thousand men and thirty cannon. At the end of the war, when Frederick was dining with his generals, he saluted Prince Henry as the only one of them who had never committed a single error. After passing some years in scholarly retirement at Rheinsberg, Henry went to Russia on a special mission to the Empress Catherine, over whom he acquired considerable influence. The idea of the partition of Poland is said to have been originated by him. He commanded an army in the war of 1778; and in 1784 he went as Prussian envoy to Versailles, where he met with a brilliant reception alike from the court and from the men of letters. After Frederick's death Henry was treated harshly by Frederick William II., so that he again sought the retirement of Rheinsberg. In 1795 he directed the negotiations which led to the peace of Basle. Frederick William III., on ascending the throne, wished him to take an active part in politics once more; but Henry was old, and preferred his leisure and his studies. He died at his favourite castle of Rheinsberg in 1802.—W. J. P.
HENRY of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, nephew of William Rufus and brother of King Stephen, is chiefly remembered at the present day as the author, or at least the founder, of the design for the church of the hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, the supposed model for that style of architecture termed Gothic or pointed. Few particulars of his life are known. It has not even been ascertained where or when he was born. He died in 1177, having enjoyed the episcopal dignity for a very lengthened period. In the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, Henry of Blois at first attached himself to the latter. When the cause of the empress, however, seemed to be on the decline, he sagaciously changed sides, laid siege on the king's behalf to the fortress of Winchester, to which Matilda had been encouraged to retire, and burned a considerable portion of the castle and city. The wooden churches of those days fell an easy prey to the flames, and no fewer than twenty are said to have perished on this occasion. In 1144 Henry formed an ambitious plan for making his see archiepiscopal, and the sudden death of Pope Lucius II., who favoured his efforts, alone prevented him from achieving his purpose.—W. C. H.
HENRY of Huntingdon, flourished in the middle of the twelfth century. He was canon of Lincoln and archdeacon of Huntingdon. He visited Rome with Alexander, bishop of Lincoln. He wrote a "History of England to the death of Stephen," which Sir H. Savile published in 1596 in eight books. Four supplemental books contain miscellaneous matters. He also wrote on the "Contempt of the World" and other subjects. His poems are not without merit, and are partly in the style of Martial. Henry was credulous, and when not original is little to be trusted. The later portions of his history are the best, or those with the records of which he was a contemporary. Of his life little is known, and it is impossible to give a correct list of his works. His moral and religious pieces have been little read, but his "History" is a work which, with all its failings, is of real value to the student. In its earlier portions it contains a good deal from Bede and Geoffrey of Monmouth. A translation of this work into English by T. Forester, Esq., M.A., has been published by Mr. Bohn, with an instructive preface.—B. H. C.
HENRY, Matthew, born at Broadoak on the borders of
