mission as to the method of teaching rural economy in Germany. His separate works are on many subjects, and he has written numerous memoirs and articles. He is chief editor of the Nouvelle Biographie Générale, now in course of publication, from which we have gathered the above details.—B. H. C.
HOELDERLIN, Johann Christian Friedrich, a German poet, was born 29th March, 1770, at Lauffen, Wurtemberg, and died at Tübingen, 7th June, 1843. After studying theology at Tübingen, he became private tutor at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where an unhappy passion for the mother of his pupils so powerfully acted upon his mind, that he gradually sank into a state of lunacy, from which he never recovered. His lyric poems will always be classed with the best in German literature; and his "Hyperion," though written while he was on the verge of insanity, bears ample testimony to his genius.—K. E.
HOELTY, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, a German lyric poet, was born at Mariensee, near Hanover, 1st September, 1748, and died prematurely at Hanover, 1st September, 1776. While a student at Göttingen he became one of the founders of the celebrated Hainbund. His poems, distinguished particularly by the sweetness and melody of their rhythms, are all sentimental, and pervaded by a pleasing melancholy. Hoelty was also a zealous student of English literature, and published, among others, translations of Hurd's Moral and Political Dialogues, and of the earl of Shaftesbury's works.—K. E.
HOERBERG, Peter, a distinguished Swedish painter and engraver, was born in the village of Smäland in 1746. Hoerberg, who was brought up as a shepherd, was a man of great energy, and made a painter of himself almost unaided. He was married at the age of twenty-two, and had such determination to succeed that, even in his thirty-eighth year, he entered the academy of Stockholm as a student, and distinguished himself by the rapid progress he made. He became a member of the academy in 1797, and was appointed historical painter to the king. His works, mostly religious, are very numerous, and are full of energy; they have the stamp of a self-taught painter—vigorous in character, but without technical refinement of execution. Hoerberg died in 1816; his autobiography was published at Upsala in 1817. Sweden possesses no less than eighty-two altar-pieces by him—R. N. W.
HOESCHEL or HŒSCHELIUS, David, an eminent Greek and Latin scholar, editor, and critic, was born in 1556 at Augsburg. He spent his life in the study of the classics, and few or none have surpassed him in zeal, diligence, and ability. As a translator into Latin from the Greek, he stands very high. He gave to the world many works by Greek and Latin authors, in editions which even now are worthy of commendation. His literary labours extended over thirty years, and his publications are about as numerous.—B. H. C.
HOFER, Andrew, famous as the leader of one of those movements which have rather a poetical interest than a historical importance, was born at Saint Leonard in the valley of Passey, Tyrol, on the 22nd November, 1767. He was the son of an innkeeper, and succeeded to his father's business. There are no remarkable or romantic incidents in Hofer's early years. Besides being an innkeeper, he frequently travelled through the districts bordering on Lake Garda, as a dealer in wine and horses. At the first collision between the despotic powers and revolutionary France, Hofer led a company of Tyrolese sharpshooters against the French; and on various subsequent occasions he showed a zealous and active hatred to them or their allies. It was not, however, till 1809 that he achieved more than a local reputation. This was Napoleon's culminating year: it was crowned by the grand victory at Wagram. One of the most incompetent of the Austrian generals was the Archduke John, who lost against Moreau in 1800 the decisive battle of Hohenlinden. Wishing to make the world forget his former incapacity he, aided by Baron Hormayr, organized shortly before the terrible conflict at Wagram an extensive insurrection in Tyrol. Less through his military talents, or through anything very heroic in his character, than through his popular qualities and undeniable courage, Hofer became the general of the insurgents and the idol of the people. His success for a season was rapid and striking. A few days sufficed to clear Tyrol of the foe. The French and Bavarians were beaten at every' point. But these splendid results of enthusiasm, rather than of skill, were rendered vain by the triumphs of Napoleon and the defeat of the Archduke John by the viceroy of Italy, Eugène de Beauharnais. The peace of Vienna left Hofer, who had assumed both the civil and military administration of Tyrol, to his own resources. Meanly, ungratefully, we might almost say treacherously, the Austrians had unconditionally surrendered a province which had defended their cause with admirable valour and patriotism. In their fierce indignation the Tyrolese would have been glad to continue the contest alone. But he who by his stupendous strategy had crushed the half million of troops with which the able Archduke Charles had begun the campaign, was not to be hindered in his mighty march by a handful of brave mountaineers. Resistance was useless, and Hofer wrote to the viceroy of Italy professing to submit. Hearing, however, that the Austrians were once more in the field, he again raised the banner of revolt. But this time the population did not respond to his call; he could gather round him only a few desperate bands, which it was easy to disperse. It was the middle of winter. Hofer sought a hiding-place among the loneliest of the icy peaks. He was betrayed by a priest called Donay, who had formerly been his friend, and who revealed to the French the name of the person who conveyed food to Hofer. Either by bribes or threats this man was induced to guide the French soldiers to Hofer's retreat. The Tyrolese warrior was taken to Mantua and tried by a court-martial, which pronounced by a majority against the punishment of death. Nevertheless, Eugène de Beauharnais sent an order for the immediate execution of Hofer, and on the 20th February he was shot. He died with the same courage that he had displayed in many a bloody fight. Though Hofer had been guilty of bad faith toward the viceroy of Italy, yet a more magnanimous man than the latter would readily have pardoned him. Austria, which might have saved Hofer, was content with paying honours to his memory. A statue of him adorns Innspruck, where he is buried. Gifts and titles were conferred on his family. The current notion respecting Hofer is by no means correct. His portrait offers us a jovial, good-humoured face, through which small light of intelligence gleams. Yet by whomsoever shown, the spirit of disinterested sacrifice is immortally beautiful; and far be it from us to lessen the love and the reverence for Hofer.—W. M—l.
* HOFFMANN, August Heinrich, generally called Von Fallersleben, after his birthplace, a distinguished German poet and litterateur, was born 2nd April, 1798. He studied at Göttingen and Bonn, and in 1830 was appointed professor of the German language and literature at Breslau. The publication of his "Unpolitical Songs" led to his dismission in 1842, and for several years made him a homeless wanderer, until in 1849 he married and settled first at Neuwied and then at Weimar, whence in 1860 he was called to Corvey in the capacity of librarian. Besides several volumes of most popular songs, Hoffmann has published a great number of valuable editions and dissertations on subjects of old German literature, which he has greatly enriched by important discoveries made in the principal libraries of Germany and Belgium. We only mention his "Monumenta Elnonensia;" his "Reineke Vos;" his "Horæ Belgicæ," 10 vols.; his "Deutsche Philologie im Grundriss;" and his "Fundgruben für Geschichte deutscher Sprache und Literatur," 2 vols.—K. E.
* HOFFMANN, Charles Fenno, an American poet and miscellaneous prose writer, is the son of the late Judge Hoffmann of New York, where he was born in 1806. Going to the bar, he practised for three years at New York, and became one of the editors of the New York American. In 1833 he made a tour to the prairies for his health, and a series of descriptive letters which he sent to the American were collected in 1834, and published as "A Winter in the West," with success both in the states and in England. It was followed in 1837 by "Wild Scenes in the Forest and the Prairie," and by the romance of "Greysloe." In 1833 the Knickerbocker Magazine was commenced under his editorship, one of very brief duration. He was afterwards connected with the American Monthly Magazine, and for a time engaged in editing the New York Mirror—to the former he contributed his novel of "Vanderlyn." The first collection of his writings in verse was published in 1842 as "The Vigil of Faith, and other poems," followed in 1844 by a second volume of poetry, "Borrowed Notes for Home Circulation." In 1846-47 he edited for eighteen months the New York Literary World; and after retiring from the editorship, he contributed a series of papers, "Sketches of Society," the most popular of his compositions. In 1849 his literary career was interrupted by an attack of mental disease.—F. E.
