by means of intense heat and pressure. In 1837 and 1839 he determined experimentally the force expended in producing various sounds in playing on wind instruments. He subsequently made a remarkable series of experiments on the nature of the vinous fermentation, and produced artificially various minerals by a slow process of crystallization. Between 1837 and 1839 he made a small flying machine, which exerted an ascensional force of about one hundred grammes (about three and a half ounces avoirdupois).—R.
LATOUR D'AUVERGNE, Theophile Malo Corret de, a French general, called the "first grenadier of France," born at Carhaix, 23rd November, 1743; killed at Oborhausen in Bavaria, 27th June, 1800. He served first in Spain, and was present at Port Mahon. In 1791, when General Sernan formed the singular plan of uniting all the grenadiers of the army into a corps of eight thousand men, Latour, being senior captain, found himself at the head of a matchless division which, as was said, "won the battle before the army was up." he swept Spain as if by magic, and, though ever in the strife, had "a charmed life." When the extreme zealots wished to discharge him on account of his noble birth, the grenadiers would not listen; and when the first consul gave him a sword of honour and named him "the first grenadier of the republic," his sensible reply was—"With us there is neither first nor last; I am the oldest grenadier, not first." When he fell he was buried with his colonel and twenty-seven officers of his regiment; the army went into mourning for three days, and every soldier subscribed a day's pay to buy a silver urn in which to place his heart. His name was still borne on the list; and when his name was called at muster the senior sergeant answered, "Dead—on the field of honour." This fanciful homage was continued till 1814. Moreau placed a tomb on the spot where he fell—"to be under the safeguard of the brave men of all nations." He was also a scholar, and wrote on the origin and antiquities of the Bretons, afterwards published as "Origines Gauloises."—P. E. D.
LATREILLE, Pierre André, a distinguished French entomologist, was born at Brives in 1762. When quite young he was taken to Paris by the Baron d'Espagnae, governor of the Hotel des invalides, and placed in the college of Cardinal Lemoine, to be educated for the church. Hero having exhibited a taste for natural history, he soon made the friendship of the celebrated Haüy, who at that time was a professor in the college. In 1786 he was ordained priest, and soon afterwards retired to Brives, where for two years he devoted all his leisure time to the study of insects. On returning to Paris in 1788 he formed the acquaintance of Fabricius, Olivier, and Bosc, all men distinguished for their great entomological knowledge. In 1791 Latreille communicated a paper on the hymenopterous insects of France to the Natural History Society of Paris, which procured him the title of corresponding member of that society, as well as of the Linnæan Society of London. He contributed also about that time various memoirs on entomological subjects to the Encyclopédie Méthodique. At the breaking out of the Revolution he became involved in its persecutions, and was forced to flee from Paris. Arrested as an ecclesiastic at Brives, he was sent a prisoner to Bordeaux, confined in a fortress there, and sentenced to be transported to Cayenne. The physician of the prison was one day struck by the attentive manner in which Latreille was contemplating some object on the wall. Asking what it was that so engaged his notice, the poor prisoner replied—"C'est un insecte trés rare." This little discovery was soon brought to the notice of two naturalists of Bordeaux, Bory St. Vincent and D'Argelas, who interested themselves in favour of the young entomologist, and procured his liberty. He returned to Paris in 1798, and through the recommendation of Lacépéde, Lamarck, Cuvier, and Geoffroy St. Hilaire, he obtained employment in the museum of the Jardin des plantes, being appointed to take charge of the collection of insects. When Lamarck became blind and unable to lecture, Latreille was named assistant professor, and continued Lamarck's lectures on the invertebrata till his death in 1829. Being nominated his successor in the chair of zoology, and having then reached his sixty-seventh year, he remarked—"On me donne du pain, quand je n'ai plus de dents!" He died in Paris in 1833, aged seventy. Latreille is the author of several valuable works, but his greatest are the "Genera Crustaceorum et Insectoram," and that portion of Cuvier's Regne Animal which contains the "Insects and Crustacea." The system of arrangement adopted in this work, is pronounced by Swainson to be "the most elaborate and the most perfect in its details that had been then given to the world." "Latreille," he continues, "by the almost unanimous consent of naturalists, stood at the head of the science of entomology in his own and other countries. He deserved this place by his knowledge of both the external and the internal organization of insects, and by his acquaintance with their habits and manners."—W. B—d.
L'ATTAIGNANT. See Attaignant.
LATUDE, Henri Masers de, was the son of the Marquis De Latude, a lieutenant-colonel in the French service, and was born in 1725. He was educated for the military profession and after the peace of 1748 was sent to Paris to complete his education. With the view of recommending himself to Madame De Pompadour he revealed to her in 1749 a pretended plot against her life. The trick was easily detected, and the marchioness revenged the affront by causing Latude to be taken into custody. He was confined by turns in the Bastile, Vincennes, and other prisons, without ever being brought to trial, for the long period of thirty-five years. He repeatedly made his escape in the most wonderful manner, but always fell again into the hands of his enemies. He was finally set at liberty, and received a trifling compensation of three thousand francs from the assembly, and had sixty thousand livres awarded him as damages in a suit against the heirs of Madame Pompadour and of Amelot the minister, but only ten thousand were paid, in 1784. He survived till 1804, when he died in his eightieth year. His "Memoirs," detailing his sufferings and romantic adventures, created great attention at the time throughout Europe.—J. T.
* LAUBE, Heinrich, a prolific German dramatist and novelist, was born at Sprottan, Silesia, September 18, 1806; and, after various vicissitudes of life, was appointed in 1850 "artistic director" to the Vienna burgtheater. He belonged to the so-called young Germany, and in 1848 was a prominent member of the Frankfort national assembly. His novels and sketches were extensively read, and several of his plays, particularly the "Karls-schüler," are still favourites of the stage-going public.—K. E.
LAUD, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a clothier at Reading, where he was born, 7th October, 1573. From the free school of his native town he passed in 1589 to St. John's college, Oxford, where he became first a scholar; then, in 1593, a fellow; somewhat later a reader in grammar; and after he had taken orders a lecturer in theology. As early as 1601 he revealed his divergence from the theological and ecclesiastical principles which had prevailed in the Church of England since the Reformation, by declaring in one of his lectures that the Church of Rome had previous to that event been the true visible church of Christ on earth; and in the theses which he defended in 1604 for the degree of bachelor in divinity, he maintained against the puritans the necessity of baptism as the vehicle of regeneration, and the necessity of the episcopate to the existence of a true church. These views excited great opposition in Oxford, and even drew upon him a formal censure from the university, which was then presided over by George Abbot, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. In 1608 he was made D.D., and became chaplain to Dr. Neile, bishop of Rochester, who not only gave him several parochial benefices in succession, but introduced him to the king. James I. was now, from a professed presbyterian and contemner of the English liturgy, which he had once spoken of to his Scottish subjects as an ill-said mass, become a high Anglican churchman, and Laud was a theologian entirely to his mind. He rose rapidly in royal favour, and though for several years his influence at court was powerfully counteracted by Archbishop Abbot and Lord-chancellor Ellsmere, this did not hinder his being made in 1611 a royal chaplain, and in 1616 dean of Gloucester. Nor was Ellsmere as chancellor of Oxford more successful in preventing his elevation in the university, for in 1611 he was elected president of St. John's. In truth, the influence and power of both these high functionaries were rapidly waning before those of the new favourite, and it became more and more plain that Laud was destined to rise to the highest place both in the church and the councils of the state. When James visited Scotland to carry out his cherished scheme of imposing the system of the church of England upon that kingdom, he took Laud along with him; and the adoption of the articles of Perth was in part owing to the influence and persuasions of the high-church dean. His promotion proceeded rapidly. On his return from Scotland he was made a prebendary of Westminster, and in 1621 bishop
