was too great for his superhuman industry. He made a complete revolution in the mode of disciplining, distributing, equipping, and provisioning the French armies, and left the stamp of his genius on the entire military organization of the kingdom. He was no less careful of the welfare of the French soldier than of the glory of his master. He founded and repaired hospitals and military schools, and provided asylums for aged officers. The celebrated Hôtel des Invalides, the erection of which began in 1671, owed its origin to him; and the magnificent buildings at Versailles, Trianon, and Marly, the Place Vendôme at Paris, and the aqueducts of Maintenon, were all constructed at his instigation, and in spite of the remonstrances of Colbert, who complained loudly of this lavish expenditure. On the other hand, it must be admitted that the great qualities of Louvois were mingled with grave defects. He was intolerably arrogant, harsh, cruel, and unscrupulous; and his imperious temper and boundless self-confidence led to frequent quarrels between him and the French generals, and made him unpopular both with the courtiers and the people. The atrocious destruction of the Palatinates, which filled Europe with horror, was justly attributed to his counsels, and he was mainly responsible for the infamous persecution of the protestants during the reign of Louis, and the repeal of the edict of Nantes. His pride and arrogance at length deeply offended Madame Maintenon, and ultimately rendered him odious to Louis himself. On the last occasion on which they transacted business together, the king was so enraged that, but for the intervention of his wife, he would have struck his favourite minister. On the following day, however, in accordance with her advice, Louvois presented himself at the royal closet as if nothing had happened; but he was evidently suffering great pain, and fainted in the council room. He was conveyed to his hotel, and died in the course of a few hours, 16th May, 1691, in the fifty-first year of his age, having been thirty-six years in the service of Louis. Louvois was a man of great talents and administrative capacity, and has been pronounced on high authority the greatest adjutant-general, the greatest quartermaster-general, and the greatest commissary-general that Europe has ever seen; but his nature was savage and obdurate, and his moral principles were low and selfish.—J. T.
LOVAT, Simon Fraser, Lord, the chief of the powerful clan Fraser, was born in 1668. After completing his education at the university of Aberdeen, he obtained a commission as captain of a company in the Athol regiment, which he soon resigned, in consequence of a dispute with the marquis of Athol, who claimed the Fraser estates for his granddaughter. Simon formed a scheme for carrying off the young heiress, which nearly succeeded, but she escaped his grasp. Her mother, however, the dowager Lady Lovat, fell into his hands, and was forced to marry him. For this outrage Simon was outlawed and compelled to flee to France. Here he affected great zeal for the jacobite cause; and to recommend himself to the court of St. Germain, he embraced the Romish faith, and in spite of his notoriously bad character was supplied with arms, ammunition, and money, and despatched in 1702 on an important mission to the friends of the exiled family in Britain. He betrayed his trust, however, and disclosed the plot to the duke of Queensberry. On his return to France his treachery was discovered, and he was committed a prisoner to the Bastile, where he remained for four years. In order to obtain his release, he offered to enter into holy orders; and having been set at liberty on the intercession of the papal nuncio, he assumed the priestly office and entered the Jesuit college at St. Omer. He returned to Scotland at the period of the rebellion of 1715; and finding that Mackenzie of Fraserdale, who had married the heiress of the Fraser estates, had embraced the Jacobite cause, Simon resolved to support the government. The greater part of the clan regarded him as their rightful chief, and at his summons at once withdrew from the Pretender's standard, and placed themselves under his command. With the assistance of some neighbouring whig clans he compelled the insurgents to evacuate Inverness, and thus deprived them of an important rallying point. For these valuable services Simon was rewarded with the title of Lord Lovat, and the grant of the forfeited Fraser estates. When the rebellion of 1745 broke out, Lovat, who had taken some offence at the government, intrigued with the jacobites, with the hope of obtaining the title of duke, professing, however, great attachment to the royal cause. After long hesitation he at length sent his clan under the command of his son to join the standard of Prince Charles Edward, pretending at the same time that this step had been taken without his authority. After the battle of Culloden Lovat took refuge in one of the western islands, but was discovered, and arrested and confined in the tower of London. He was brought to trial before the house of lords on the 9th of March, 1747. The trial lasted seven days; and though he defended himself with great dexterity, he was found guilty, and sentenced to be beheaded. His dauntless spirit, caustic wit, jesting, and buffoonery were maintained by him to the last moment. On quitting the bar, he exclaimed—"Farewell, my lords, we shall never all meet again in the same place." He met his death with great composure, and though in the eightieth year of his age, and so infirm that he had to obtain the assistance of two persons to mount the scaffold, his spirits never flagged. Repeating the celebrated line of Horace—"Dulce et decorum pro patria mori," he laid his head upon the block and received the fatal blow with unabated courage. He was the last of the martyrs, as the jacobites termed them, and certainly the least deserving of pity.—J. T.
LOVE, Christopher, a celebrated presbyterian minister, born at Cardiff in 1618. He studied at Oxford and took orders; but his convictions were not in harmony with those of Laud, whose canons relating to prelates and the prayer-book he refused to subscribe. He was therefore ejected from the church of St. Peter-le-Bailey at Oxford, where he had been preacher, and came to London. In 1644 he was appointed to Aldermanbury. The year following he caused great offence by preaching against the king's commissioners at Uxbridge. He was one of the members of the celebrated Westminster assembly of divines, and minister of St. Lawrence, Jewry. He was one of the London ministers who signed a declaration against the death of Charles I., and when he saw the Independents supreme, entered into a conspiracy, known as "Love's plot," for the purpose of bringing in Charles II. and the Scotch presbyterians. This plot cost him his life, for it was detected by the vigilance of Cromwell, and Love was apprehended, tried, and beheaded on Tower Hill in 1651. He does not appear to have been very ambitious of the honours of martyrdom, but he was attended at the scaffold by his eminent colleagues, Ashe, Calamy, and Manton, the last of whom preached his funeral sermon. The severity of his sentence was intended to strike terror into his party, and to deter them from any further attempts to displace the existing government. While, however, his own party called him a saint and a martyr, the episcopalians viewed him as the victim of retributive justice, and Clarendon, in particular, is very harsh in his judgment of him. His works display both piety and ability, and were mostly published after his death, in 1657-58; the first in quarto and the second in two volumes octavo, consisting of tracts, sermons, &c.—B. H. C.
LOVELACE, Richard, was the eldest son of Sir William Lovelace of Woolwich, Kent, and was born in 1618. He received his education at the Charter-house, and in 1634 became a gentleman commoner at Gloucester hall, Oxford, where he proceeded M.A. in 1636. On quitting Oxford he went to court, was taken into the service of Lord Goring, and obtained a commission in the army, where he rose to the rank of captain. After the peace of Berwick he entered upon his Kentish estates, and lived for some time in affluence; but having been selected to present a petition from his county to the parliament he fell into disgrace, was confined to the Gate-house, and ultimately regained his freedom only as giving bail for £40,000 not to pass the line of communication without the permission of the speaker. An ardent royalist, Lovelace sacrificed a large part of his fortune to the cause of the king, and he still further impoverished himself by raising a regiment in 1646 for the French crown, which was placed under his own command. It was in this service that he was dangerously wounded at Dunkirk, and was obliged to return home. A report of his death had preceded him, and the lady whom he was about to marry had been consequently induced to transfer her affections to another suitor. Upon reaching England, Lovelace again fell into the hands of his persecutors, and was doomed to pine in captivity till the king's death. But he never recovered from the pecuniary embarrassments to which his loyalty and extravagance had exposed him, and this gallant Kentish gentleman, who has been described as one of the handsomest men of his time, died in an obscure lodging in Gunpowder Alley, near Shoe Lane, in 1658, and was interred in the west extremity of St. Bride's church. The poems of Lovelace, which are full of beauties though occasionally fantastic, consist
