he was thus extensively occupied, it was his practice to write only his voice parts and basses, and to make his pupils Lalouette and Colasse (who both acquired reputation as composers) fill up his scores. It must be remembered that the art of instrumentation was utterly undeveloped at the period, and thus it detracts nothing from the composer's merit that he employed such assistance. Lully's operas, though they were the origin, and are indeed the models of the modern French grand opera, are of extremely simple construction. Their dramatic element is almost entirely confined to the recitative and the incidental ballets; the numerous songs, which are chiefly episodical, having a conventional character of grace calculated rather to meet the taste of the court than to realize the action of the scene. He is to be particularly noticed for the great advance upon all previous instrumental music displayed in the form and in the character of his overtures. These attained to such wide esteem, that for a long time it became common for Italian composers to adopt them as preludes to their operas. Lully wrote extensively for the church; but his ecclesiastical music, though greatly admired in France, seems never to have been played out of that country. Rigorous and exacting as he was in his capacity of director, he appears to have played the part of courtier to the king, with almost servile deference. He behaved, however, with the greatest haughtiness to the ministers and other men in authority, save only if he happened to be out of favour with the monarch, and needed their influence to regain him his position. He is said to have been avaricious, the proofs of which are, that he left an immense sum of money at his death; and that though he received large parties of persons in the highest rank, he spent nothing on their entertainment, alleging that it would be unbecoming in him to attempt to vie with the magnificence of the nobility. He was eminently superstitious, but could still accommodate his conscience to his convenience: for example—he had a severe illness in 1686, when, despairing of his life, he sent for his confessor, who refused him absolution except he would, as an act of penance for the past, and in token of his renunciation of all earthly vanities, destroy the score of his opera of "Armide," which he had lately finished, and which was in course of rehearsal. He burned the MS.; his sins were absolved; but he kept a transcript of the opera, and recovered in time to direct its successful production. He was addicted to the pleasures of the table, the effect of which upon his constitution was such as to render him susceptible of injury, from causes which might else have been harmless. To this may be ascribed his death, which was thus induced: he had written a Te Deum to celebrate the king's restoration from sickness; being greatly excited at the rehearsal of this work, he was beating the time vehemently with a stick upon the floor, and accidentally once struck his foot instead. The blow produced mortification; he refused to have his limb amputated; an empiric undertook his cure for a large reward that was offered by the Marquis de Carette, but failed in his attempts, and Lully expired after great suffering. Lully left three sons—Louis, born in 1664, succeeded his brother, Jean Louis, as superintendent of music and composer to the king; he wrote an opera in conjunction with each of his brothers, and some other pieces of small effect. He died in 1713.—Jean Baptiste, born in 1665, after sharing with Louis the composition of the opera of Orphée in 1690, was presented by the king with the abbacy of St. Hilaire, near Narbonne, for which his education had qualified him. He died in 1701.—Jean Louis, born in 1667, succeeded to his father's appointment, which his early death left vacant for his brother; he died in 1688. Lully had also three daughters.—G. A. M.
LULLY, Raymond, surnamed Doctor Illuminatus, was born at Palma in the island of Majorca in 1234 or 1235, where his father, a Spanish nobleman, held the office of seneschal to James I. of Arragon. Entering the army, he became celebrated at once for his valour and his gallantries. All at once he threw up his military rank, withdrew from court, and gave himself up to science and devotion. He graduated at the university of Paris, and studied alchemy under Arnold de Villanova. He appears to have made very extensive chemical researches, and to have been acquainted with a considerable number of important bodies. He had some crude notion of chemical analysis, and is reported to have invented the kind of furnace known as athanor, of which modifications are still in use. He came forward also as a philosophic reformer, having been connected either as pupil or friend with Roger Bacon. Though devoutly religious, according to the light of his age, he sought to free philosophy from the sway of theology. He contends that reason, instead of being chained to faith, should set out from doubt, and seek to know rather than to believe. In opposition to the doctrines of the schools, he issued his "Ars Magna," a system of mechanical logic or process by which men might argue upon all imaginable topics without laborious thought or a knowledge of the facts, and yet arrive at truth. It need scarcely be said that this was a delusion. Amidst these philosophic pursuits he travelled by land and sea, visiting not only the whole of civilized Europe, but many parts of Africa and the East, and meeting with strange adventures. Sometimes he preached a new crusade to Palestine, and sometimes he made missionary expeditions in mahomedan countries, and engaged in public discussion with the doctors of Islam. Some say that he was stoned to death in Algeria in 1315; others that he died peaceably in his Majorcan home, having previously fallen into dotage; others again maintain that he was alive in England as late as 1332. He is said to have given one of the three first kings, Edward of England, six million pieces of gold—the fruits of his alchemical labours—to defray the cost of a crusade against the Saracens, a story which scarcely needs refutation. From the vast extent and heterogeneous character of his writings, joined to his varied and adventurous life, some have supposed that there were two Raymond Lullys, whom tradition has fused into one. The works ascribed to him, however, agree in style; and, as Dumas observes, his studies were not more heterogeneous than those of Dr. Priestley. His works have been collected and published by Salzinger under the title—"Raymondi Lullii Opera Omnia," 10 vols. folio, Mainz, 1721-42.—J. W. S.
LUMLEY, Joanna, Lady, was the wife of John Lord Lumley, a nobleman of liberal tastes and of a cultivated mind, and the daughter of Henry Fitzalan, earl of Arundel. This learned lady has left behind her a translation of the Iphigenia of Euripides, and a Latin version of three of the orations of Isocrates, both in MS. She died in 1620.—W. C. H.
LUMSDEN, Matthew, an eminent orientalist, was born in t he county of Aberdeen in 1777, and educated at King's college, Aberdeen. At seventeen he went to India to join his brother, who was in the service of the East India Company. He is variously stated to have after his arrival entered an indigo factory, and to have been employed in the company's stationery office. However this may be, he devoted his leisure to the study of Persian, and afterwards of Arabic. His knowledge of these languages having been made available in connection with the Calcutta courts of justice and otherwise, he was appointed about 1801 assistant-professor of Persian and Arabic at the college of Fort-William, and in 1805 professor-in-chief. Other and trying employments were added to this, and in 1820 he came to England with shattered health. Finding no opening at home, he returned to India in 1821, and was appointed to his old professorship in 1822. He resigned finally in 1825, and coming home abandoned philology, and lived in retirement until his death in 1835. He is best known by his "Grammar of the Persian Language," Calcutta, 1810; and by vol. i. of a "Grammar of the Arabic Language," 1811. He published a first volume only of his projected edition of Firdusi's Shah Nameh.—F. E.
LUNA, Alvaro de, favourite and minister of John II. of Castile, was born about 1392, being the illegitimate son of a gentleman of rank in Arragon, Don Alvaro de Juvera. At eighteen he became a page in the household of the king, then only three years old, and soon gained that ascendancy over his weak mind which endured through life. On the king's being declared of age in 1418, the power of the favourite was assailed by the Infante Don Enrique, and his brother Juan, afterwards king of Navarre. The king fled with his favourite to the castle of Montavan, and a struggle ensued, the result of which was that De Luna was elevated to the post of constable of Castile, in the place of Davalos, one of the conspirators, in 1423. Ere long the king was compelled to banish the favourite, but speedily recalled him. The wars in Italy gave some degree of tranquillity to Castile. In 1429 a war against the Moors was decided upon, and De Luna prepared to take the chief command; but once more the quarrels between the three kingdoms broke out, and the kings of Arragon and Navarre invaded Castile. A truce was, however, agreed on, through the exertions of the queen of Arragon, and from 1430 to 1439 the peace of the kingdom and the influence of the constable continued. In that year the Infante
