time. For years he endured great suffering from a spinal disease, and ultimately died in Chester Square in 1852, aged sixty-two. Dr. Mantell's reputation as a palæontologist stands very high. In the Bibliography; Zoologiæ et Geologiæ of Agassiz and Strickland, published by the Ray Society, no fewer than sixty-seven works and memoirs of various degrees of importance are enumerated as coming from his pen, besides several other papers on antiquarian and medical subjects. So varied are his writings that it is impossible to give any thing like even a resumé of his labours. His scientific character, however, may be regarded in two lights—that of an original discoverer, and of a public teacher. His discoveries in the Wealden formation especially were many and important; and by his researches in that group of rocks, he became the original demonstrator of the fresh-water origin of the mass of the Wealden beds. As Mr. Hopkins, in his anniversary address to the Geological Society in 1852, remarks—"It was out of the Wealden that Dr. Mantell procured the most interesting of the relics of prodigious extinct reptiles, which owe to him their scientific appellations, and whose remains will long constitute some of the chief attractions of the great collection originally amassed by him, and now displayed in the galleries of the British museum. Whether we regard his discovery and demonstration of the iguanodon and its colossal allies in a geological point of view, as characterizing distinctly an epoch in time, or with respect to their zoological value, as filling up great gaps in the series of vertebrata, and elucidating the organization of a lost order of reptiles at once highest in its class and most wonderful—we must, as geologists and naturalists, feel that a large debt of gratitude is due to the indefatigable and enthusiastic man out of whose labours this knowledge arose." "Out of the five marked genera constituting the group (of Dinosaurian reptiles) as at present known, we owe the discovery and demonstration of four, viz., iguanodon, hylæosaurus, pelorosaurus, and regnosaurus, to Dr. Mantell." It was for these discoveries that the Wollaston medal and fund were adjudged to him by the council of the Royal Society. It was not to the discovery of the fossil bones of these huge extinct animals alone, however, that Dr. Mantell's labours extended. Various species of fossil mollusca, radiata, and foraminifera from the chalk, were brought to light by him, and the descriptions from time to time communicated to the Royal and other societies. One of his latest discoveries was that of the remarkable reptile from the old red sandstone, named by him Telerpeton Elginense, an animal of "singular interest, and regarded until very recently as the most ancient, unquestionable relic of its class." Such is Mantell as an original discoverer. As a public teacher he was also very eminent; "as a popular expounder of geological facts he was unequalled; as a lecturer, within his own particular field, he had no rival; fluent, clear, eloquent, and elegantly discursive, he riveted the attention of his audience, and invariably left them imbued with a love of the science he had taught them." His popular writings, of which the "Wonders of Geology" and the "Medals of Creation" are among the most useful, had a wide circulation, and are held in high estimation by general readers. His principal other separate works are the "Fossils of the South Downs" and the "Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex." His large collection of fossils, made by him chiefly while he was at Lewes and Brighton, were purchased by the trustees of the British museum for £5000.—W. B—d.
MANTON, Thomas, D.D., a learned and able divine, was born at Lawrence Lydiat in Somersetshire, in 1620. He was educated at the free school at Tiverton, and at Wadham college, Oxford, and was ordained when only twenty years of age. He was settled first at Stoke Newington, near London, where he laboured for seven years, and afterwards at Covent Garden. He frequently officiated before the parliament, and had the courage to preach against the death of the king. During the protectorate he was one of Cromwell's chaplains, and one of the committee which examined those about to be admitted into the ministry. Having in 1660 been instrumental in the restoration of Charles II. he was afterwards appointed chaplain to the king. In 1662 he was ejected from his living for nonconformity, and in 1670 was imprisoned for a time. In 1672 he was appointed lecturer at Pinner's hall. His voluminous works are still held in much esteem. He died October 18, 1677.—D. W R.
MANTUANO. See Ghisi.
MANU or MENU, was the supposed author of the code of civil and religious duty which passes under his name, and which is one of the earliest and most interesting monuments of the development of the Aryan occupants of Hindostan. It has been and may be regarded as the expression of the second period of Hindoo history, religious, ethical, and political, of which the first period is more vaguely represented in the Vedas, the earliest written memorial of Hinduism. In the organization of Hinduism revealed in the Laws of Manu, not only has a certain civilization been reached, but the system of castes is rigidly enforced, and a supremacy in all things given to the Brahmin caste, of which there is no trace in the Vedas. In religion monotheism is proclaimed, and in morals there are many scattered indications of a system of great purity and even spirituality. The book abounds, however, with trivial regulations of detail. Manu or Menu (from the Sanscrit, man or men, "to understand,") signifies intelligent. In the Hindoo belief, Manu was the son or grandson of the Deity. Various dates have been assigned to the composition or compilation of the Laws of Manu as we have them now. From their non-injunction of the burning of widows, it is certain that the promulgation of the Laws of Menu must have preceded the invasion of India by Alexander, when that species of sacrifice is recorded as practised. According to Sir William Jones, Menu perhaps lived in the twelfth century b.c., and he thinks that the book as we have it must have received its present form about 880 b.c. The work was first made known in Europe in 1794, when Sir William Jones published his Institutes of Hindoo Law, or the Ordinances of Menu, comprising the Indian system of rites, religious and civil, verbally translated from the original Sanscrit, with a preface; to which and to the translation the reader is referred. A revised edition of Sir William Jones' version, accompanied by the original text, was published by Sir Graves Haughton in 1825; and in 1833 what appears to be a carefully executed translation from the original into French—Les Lois de Manou, &c.—with notes, executed by M. Loiselour Des Longchamps, a pupil of Chézy.—F. E.
MANUEL I. (Comnenus), Emperor of the East, was the younger son of Calo Johannes, and on the decease of his father in 1143, ascended the vacant throne. In this remarkable personage, the spirit of knight-errantry, in its most characteristic manifestations, seemed to be embodied. Although reared in the purple, he possessed the iron constitution and fearless temper of a genuine soldier, and proved the same in many a wonderful and well-nigh fabulous exploit. To read his biography is like perusing a stray page from the lives of Richard I. of England and Charles XII. For example, we learn that in one day he slew forty barbarians with his own hand, and returned to the camp, dragging after him four gigantic Turks, fastened to his saddle-bow. But this true Alcibiades of the eastern emperors passed too frequently from brave endurance of the hardships of war to sybaritic luxury in the lap of peace; and the consequence was that he never fairly and fully improved his victories. Physically rather than intellectually heroic, he neither could nor would eradicate the germs of decay that were now eating fast into the foundation of the Byzantine throne. Manuel Comnenus died in 1180.—J. J.
MANUEL II (Palæologus), Emperor of the East, attained the supreme dignity in 1391. The most memorable event of his reign was the demand made on Constantinople by the Sultan Bajazet, which led to an ignominious truce of ten years, and the toleration of mahometanism in that capital; but the inevitable fall of the empire itself was indirectly delayed for a brief period by the victorious inroads of Tamerlane. The consequent humiliation of Bajazet permitted Manuel to close his reign in 1425, in prosperity and peace.—J. J.
MANUEL, Francisco, a Portuguese lyric poet, born at Lisbon in 1734. He early attained celebrity by his writings; but his familiarity with French and English persons, and his translation of "Tartuffe," brought down upon him the vengeance of the inquisition. He, however, attacked and disarmed the officer sent to apprehend him, 1788, and escaped to Paris, where, in spite of all the efforts made to recapture him, he resided till his death in 1819. His poems, published in Paris in 1808, include odes to D'Albuquerque and Washington, which are considered models of the loftier lyrical style. His epistles, tales, and fables are also highly esteemed, and it has been said that no one since Camoens has done so much for the renovation of the national poetry. He translated Wieland's Oberon; Chateaubriand's Martyrs; and La Fontaine's Fables.—F. M. W.
MANUEL, Jacques Antoine, an eloquent orator and leader of the opposition in the French chamber after the Restoration
