Douglas, Isle of Man, whither he had gone in the vain hope of restoring his health. Almost up to his death he was employed on three immense pictures illustrative of the final judgment, and which he fondly believed would insure him a long-enduring fame. These pictures, "The Last Judgment;" "The Great Day of Wrath;" and "The Plains of Heaven," have been diligently exhibited since his death in every important town in the kingdom, and engraved on a large scale. It is needless to add that it is not on them that Martin's admirers will base his reputation. His best works are undoubtedly his earlier ones. In them he has shown originality, earnestness, and imagination; and that material sublimity which results from the littleness and feebleness of man being brought into immediate comparison with the might and magnitude of nature. But when the same idea came to be repeated again and again, it seemed to betray poverty rather than affluence of imagination; and unfortunately the technical qualities of the painter were as limited as his range of thought. Besides his large oil paintings, Martin executed a great number of designs for book illustrations (those to the Bible and to Milton are among the best known), for which, in the height of his popularity, he received very large sums. But, besides his strictly professional occupation, Martin spent a large amount of time and thought on one of an entirely different kind—that of the improvement of London. His projects, which he carefully elaborated, and of most of which he laid detailed plans and statements before a committee of the house of commons, and also printed in various forms, comprised the diversion of the sewage from the Thames and its utilization for agricultural purposes; the drainage of the Thames marshes; an improved water-supply; the connecting of the metropolitan railways with each other and with the docks, &c. These projects are not yet carried out, and probably will not now be in the way Martin proposed; but they are the foreshadowings of the schemes at this moment under execution, or contemplated by the metropolitan board of works. But his engineering projects were not confined to London. He published methods of ventilating coalmines, a plan of a floating harbour and pier; he claimed to be the inventor of the wire-cable, and of various railway improvements; and he took out patents for draining and water-pipes, &c. Altogether Martin was a very remarkable man, and only missed by a little being a great one.—J. T—e.
MARTIN, Thomas, an English antiquarian, born in 1697, was a native of Thetford, in Norfolk. He subsequently removed to Palgrave, where he spent the remainder of a long life in the studies to which he was devoted, and died in 1771. His private museum was of great value, having been collected by Peter Le Neve, whose widow Mr. Martin married; and the Monumenta Anglicana, which Le Neve published in 1719, contains some of the fruits of his archæological researches. He also composed a history of his native place, published in 1779.—W. B.
* MARTINEAU, Harriet, authoress and traveller, was born on the 12th of June, 1802, at Norwich, where the founder of her family had settled on migrating from France to England after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was a Huguenot; and the English family have been always unitarians, and for several generations manufacturers in Norwich. Miss Martineau's father was a surgeon. She was carefully and variedly educated; and the early infirmity of deafness, as well as health generally delicate, threw her much upon herself and deepened her naturally meditative disposition. One of a family of eight which, with her mother, was placed in reduced circumstances after the death of her father. Miss Martineau betook herself to authorship. Her earliest work, published in 1823, was her "Devotional Exercises for the use of young persons." Some tales followed, among them the "Rioters," 1826, and the "Turn-out," 1827, in which she first made fiction the vehicle for the promulgation of social and economic truths. In 1830 appeared her "Traditions of Palestine," imaginative sketches of life and nature in the Holy Land at the time of the Messiah; and in the same year were published three tracts from her pen, which gained the prizes offered by the British and Foreign Unitarian Association for essays calculated to promote the spread of unitarian doctrine among the Roman catholics, Jews, and Mahometans. The reform bill agitation supervened, and with it a new stimulus was given to politico-economical discussion. Miss Martineau reverted to secular subjects; and, denied encouragement not only by ordinary publishers, but even by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, brought out at intervals of a month her celebrated "Illustrations of Political Economy," which, by their clear, vivid presentments of character, incident, and scenery, have charmed many who felt little interest in the economic doctrines which they enforced. To the same period partly belong her "Poor-Laws and Paupers illustrated," 1833-34, and her "Illustrations of Taxation," 1834. With this latter was completed the publication of her "Illustrations of Political Economy," and with a fame greater beyond the Atlantic than even at home, she visited the United States. The welcome which she received there was repaid by her "Society in America," 1837, and her "Retrospect of Western Travel," 1838, sketches, philosophical and personal, of men and things in America, viewed on the whole through a rosy medium, though one of the results of her American travels was an even stronger attachment to those principles of abolitionism which she had advocated before her visit. After producing, on her return home, some minor works more or less practical, she wrote "Deerbrook," 1839, the best of her novels, a tale of English domestic life. "The Hour and the Man," a fiction, founded on the story of Toussaint L'Ouverture, followed in 1840. Meanwhile she had fallen severely ill, and threatened to become a confirmed invalid. Lord Melbourne offered her a pension, which she declined on the honourable plea that she could accept nothing from a system of taxation which she had condemned; and, in spite of her illness, she composed the charming series, the "Playfellow," intended for juvenile readers; one of the tales in which, "Feats on the Fiord," with its bright pictures of Norwegian life and landscape, belongs to the most attractive of her writings. A sadder and more contemplative literary result of her long illness was her "Life in the Sick Room: essays by an invalid," published anonymously in 1843. The close of her illness was marked by an episodical conversion to faith in clairvoyance, which produced the much noised-of "Letters on Mesmerism," 1845. To the same year belong her "Forest and Game Law Tales," the title of which explains itself. Her suddenly executed journey to the East in the autumn of 1846, was recorded in "Eastern Life, Past and Present," 1847, fresh and vivid in its descriptions, whatever may be thought of its speculations. On her return to England she settled on a pleasant farm of her own at Ambleside, and her pen has never rested since. The most elaborate, perhaps the most useful, of her works has been the "History of England during the thirty-years' peace, 1816-46" (1849-50), followed in 1851 by her "Introduction to the History of the Peace from 1800 to 1815;" the former a marvel of condensation, and of rapid, pleasant, perspicuous narrative, never defaced by the exhibition of prejudice or party-spirit, strong as are Miss Martineau's political opinions. In 1851 she published a volume of correspondence with her friend Mr. Atkinson, "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development," which shocked the public by its daring avowal of a faith in ultra-materialism; and in 1853 she produced a condensed English version of Comte's Positive Philosophy. But her later productions have been chiefly political or practical, and in many cases contributed to serials and newspapers. Few prominent contemporary topics have escaped the touch of Miss Martineau, in such treatises and books as the "Factory Controversy, a warning against meddling legislation," 1855; a "History of the American Compromise," 1856; "British Rule in India, a historical sketch," 1857; "England and her Soldiers," 1859, &c. Her most recent work, "Health, Handicraft, and Husbandry," 1861, is a collection of sanitary essays and sketches of industrial processes contributed to serials. Miss Martineau prides herself on the skill with which she farms her little property at Ambleside, but has not merged her love of the picturesque in agricultural enthusiasm—witness her glowing "Guide to the English Lakes," 1855.—F. E.
MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Francisco, a Spanish statesman and man of letters, was born at Granada, 10th March, 1789, and at the age of nineteen became professor of moral philosophy in the university of Granada. On the invasion of Spain by the French in 1808, he entered with energy into the national cause. He was sent to Gibraltar to negotiate with the British government, and obtained supplies which contributed to the victory of Bailen, in consequence of which the French had to evacuate Madrid. Shortly afterwards he proceeded to England, where he studied our institutions to good purpose, and published his first poem, "Zaragoza." In 1811 he returned to Cadiz; and while busily engaged in politics, pursued jointly
