as one of his best works, and it was performed at Vienna for many years afterwards on a particular annual festival. In 1771 his first opera, "L'Amoureux de Quinze Ans," was performed at the Italian opera house in Paris with great success. Martini now retired from his connection with the army, and became director of the chamber music to the prince of Condé, from whose service he passed to that of the Count d'Artois, with whom he remained till the commencement of the Revolution. He then retired to Lyons, but returned to Paris in 1794, and produced his opera of "Sapho." In the sixth year of the French republic, the directory nominated him one of the five inspectors of instruction at the conservatory; but neither his talent nor that of Gretry and Monsigny being longer a' l'ordre du jour with the republicans, they were all three dismissed. After the restoration of monarchy Martini was appointed superintendent of the king's music, which post, however, he did not hold long, as he died on the 10th of February, 1816. This talented musician contributed greatly to the improvement of military music in France. He was also one of the first writers who, instead of the single line of figured brass which was formerly placed under songs, introduced a separate pianoforte accompaniment with dispersed chords, an improvement which has been since imitated throughout Europe. A list of Martini's works, including twelve operas, may be seen in Fetis' Musical Biography.—E. F. R.
MARTINI, Vincenzo, a distinguished musician—sometimes called Spagnuolo—was born at Valentia in Spain in 1754. He was educated as a chorister in the cathedral of his native city, and in early life was organist of Alicante. His love of dramatic music led him to Madrid, and afterwards to Florence. At the latter place he made his first efforts in theatrical composition. In 1781 he wrote for the carnival his ballet of "Ipigenia in Aulide." He afterwards visited Lucca and produced his "Astartea." Several other ballets were composed for Venice in the course of the following year, and in 1783 he brought out at Turin, his comic opera of "La Dora Festeggiata." In 1785 he was appointed maestro di capella to the prince of Asturias, who afterwards ascended the Spanish throne as Charles III. In the following year appeared his very charming opera "La Cosa Rara," which ten years after was performed on the English stage as the "Siege of Belgrade;" though Stephen Storace who brought it out added some few compositions of his own. It had the honour of being noticed by Mozart, who quoted a motivo from it in the last act of his immortal Don Giovanni. In 1788, Martini proceeded to St. Petersburg, where he was immediately appointed chef-d'orchestre and composer to the Russian opera; ten years after, the emperor made him imperial councillor. In 1801 the French opera having displaced the Italian in the Russian capital, Martini lost his employment and derived his subsistence from giving instructions in music. He died at St. Petersburg in May, 1810.—E. F. R.
MARTINIERE, Antoine Auguste Bruzen de la, writer, born at Dieppe in 1684. He studied at Paris, and in 1709 proceeded to the court of Mecklenburg. From thence he went to Parma, and afterwards to the Hague, where he died in 1749. His favourite studies were history and geography; his great work being the "Dictionnaire Geographique, Historique et Critique," 10 vols., folio, 1726-30, which has been the foundation of many similar works.—W. J. P.
* MARTINS, Charles Frederic, a French botanist, was born at Paris on the 6th February, 1806. He was descended from a Belgian family. His studies were prosecuted at Paris, where he took the degree of doctor of medicine in 1834. He did not enter on the practice of medicine, but devoted attention to the collateral sciences. He assisted in the department of natural science at Paris, and in 1847 he obtained by competition the professorship of botany at Montpellier. He has devoted much attention to geographical botany, and to the influence of climate on vegetation. He was one of an expedition, under Gaimard, which visited the northern part of Europe, especially Scandinavia, and he also ascended Mont Blanc. The result of the northern expedition has been published by him under the title of "Voyage Botanique en Norvege." Among his other works are "Delimitation des Regions Vegetales sur les montagnes du Continent;" "De la Teratologie Vegetale;" "Le Jardin des Plantes de Montpellier;" "Cours Complet de Meteorologie;" and a paper on the Swiss glaciers in the Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve, and in the Revue des Deux Mondes, &c.—J. H. B.
MARTIUS GALEOTTUS. See Galeoto.
* MARTIUS, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, a distinguished German botanist, was born at Erlangen on 17th April 1794. His father, Ernest Wilhelm, who died in 1849 at a very advanced age, had been one of the three founders of the Ratisbon Botanical Society, and wrote a "Journey in Franconia and Thuringia," and "Souvenirs of a Nonagenarian." His brother Theodor is professor of materia medica at Erlangen. Philipp von Martius pursued the study of botany and natural history in his native town. He was botanical pupil of Schreber, who studied under Linnæus. During his studies at Erlangen he formed the acquaintance of Theodor Nees von Esenbeck. He became a pupil in the Bavarian academy, and was appointed to the charge of the botanic garden at Munich. His first publication was a catalogue of the plants in the Erlangen garden and cryptogamic flora of the environs. He acquitted himself as director of the Munich botanic garden so well as to attract the attention of Maximilian, I., king of Bavaria, who was fond of botany. That monarch proposed to send two Bavarian naturalists to visit Brazil, and he selected Spix as zoologist and Martius as botanist. On 10th April, 1817, they embarked at Trieste for South America. They visited the provinces of Rio, St. Paul, Pernambuco, Bahia, Ilheos, Piauhy, Maranham, the Amazon, and the confines of Peru. In three years they traversed from four thousand to four thousand three hundred miles of a hitherto unexplored territory, and enriched the museum at Munich with the following collections:—Mammalia, eighty-five species; birds, three hundred and fifty species; amphibia, one hundred and thirty species; fishes, one hundred and sixteen species; articulata, two thousand seven hundred species; arachnidea, eighty species; Crustacea, eighty species; plants, six thousand five hundred species. The total expense of the expedition was £2400. Martius published an account of their travels in three quarto volumes, under the title "Reise en Brasilien." He also published "Nova genera et species plantarum Brasiliensium," including three hundred and fifty new species and sixty-six new genera. The work consists of minute descriptions of three hundred beautifully executed plates. The work, however, on which Martius' fame specially rests, and which he compiled after twenty-eight years' labour, is his "Natural History of Palms." This is a noble publication, in three volumes, elephant-folio, and contains two hundred and forty-five plates, chiefly coloured. Another work by Martius is "Flora Brasiliensis," in folio, which has been in the course of publication for many years, and is still incomplete. Besides these splendid works Martius has published numerous minor ones, such as "Descriptions and Figures of Palms, collected by D'Orbigny;" memoirs on Eriocaulon and Xyris; remarks on the potato disease; "Amœnitatis Botanicæ Monacenses;" "Conspectus Regni vegetabilis;" "Systema materiæ medicæ vegetabilis Brasiliensis;" "Denkrede auf Alexander von Humboldt," &c. Martius is a member of a large number of learned societies. He is professor of botany and director of the botanic garden at Munich, and one of the secretaries of the academy there.—J. H. B.
MARTOS, Ivan Petrovich, a celebrated Russian sculptor, was born at Itschnpa in Pultowa about 1752. After studying in the academy of St. Petersburg, he was sent in 1773 by the Grand-duchess Maria-Feodorowna, afterwards empress, to complete his studies in Rome. In 1794 he was nominated professor, and in 1814 director, of the St. Petersburg Academy of the Fine arts. He died at St. Petersburg, April 17, 1835. Martos was by far the greatest sculptor Russia has ever produced, and takes very high rank among the contemporary sculptors of Europe. He executed a large number of important works, but he excelled most in his public memorials. Of these the more famous are the colossal bronze group of the patriots Manin and Pozharsky at Moscow; the statue of the duke of Richelieu at Odessa; the monument of Potemkin at Cherson; that of Lomoskoy at Archangel; and the costly Mausoleum of the Emperor Alexander at Taganrog. Some of his bas-reliefs are much admired. The works of Martos are characterized by nobleness of conception and largeness of style; in delicacy and refinement of finish he is somewhat deficient.—J. T—e.
MARTYN, Henry, a celebrated English missionary, was born in 1781 at Truro in Cornwall. His father, who was originally a miner, and afterwards a merchant's clerk, was a man of remarkable piety and intelligence. Henry was educated at the grammar-school of his native town, where he outstripped all his schoolfellows in his classical acquirements. He entered
