Tower, 17th April, 1534. In prison he showed his usual serenity and cheerful wit. He wrote much; he was cheered by the visits of his favourite daughter, Margaret Roper, the wife of his biographer; and he had to submit to the reproaches of his wife, a vulgar and worldly woman, who rated him soundly for staying in prison when he might be at home by doing what others did. After a year's imprisonment he was again examined. On the 1st of July, 1534, he was tried for high treason and was found guilty. He was executed on the 6th of July. His last words were a mild and characteristic jest. The axe of the executioner was about to fall, when he asked for a moment's delay while he moved aside his beard. "Pity that should be cut," he murmured; "that has not committed treason." Thus died Sir Thomas More, who with his jest and his earnest, his sayings and his writings, the playful seriousness that invests his life and character, lives benignantly in the memories of his countrymen. In person, according to his great-grandson, he was of "a middle stature, well-proportioned, of a pale complexion, his hair of chestnut colour, his eyes grey, his countenance mild and cheerful, his voice not very musical, but clear and distinct." His works were collected and printed in London in 1557, with a dedication to Queen Mary. Of the "Utopia," in several English translations, there have been many reprints. Of the biographies of More, the best among the old are those by his son-in-law, Roper, and his grandson, Cresacre More; among the new. Sir James Mackintosh's, in the Lives of English Statesmen, and Lord Campbell's, in the Lives of the Chancellors.—F. E.
MOREAU, Jean Victor, a celebrated French general, born at Morlaix in 1763, and died from mortal wounds at Laun in Bohemia on the night of the 1st of September, 1813. He was first intended for the legal profession, of which his father was a member; but his military predilections led him to join a regiment. He did not remain with it long, as his father bought him off and sent him to the college of Rennes to finish his studies. He there acquired great influence over the students, and when the preliminary troubles of the Revolution began to appear, he was the acknowledged leader of the young men who were soon to be drawn into the vortex. He raised a company of volunteers for the national guard and retained command till 1792, at which period he made an attempt to enter the ranks of the gendarmerie. Disappointed in this, he joined a volunteer battalion on its way to the north, made a campaign with Dumouriez, became general of brigade in 1793, general of division in 1794, and took the command of the French forces acting in Lower Flanders. He was soon master of several important towns—Bruges, Ostend, Nieuport, and the port of l'Ecluse. At the same time the revolutionists of Brest sent his father to the scaffold, the only pretext being that he had generously agreed to look after some estates and effects belonging to emigrant families. The first phase of the Revolution was dying out, and Moreau saw the national cause, not in the anarchy of insurrection, but in the order and organization of the army. He was a soldier, though serving a republic—and a republican soldier, not a blood-thirsty democrat. In the campaign of 1794, which gave Holland to France, he commanded the right wing of Pichegru's army, and when that general was removed to the Rhine, he was immediately appointed his successor. In 1796 Pichegru retired, and Moreau moved once more into his vacated place. After beating Wurmser, he crossed the Rhine at Strasburg to engage the Archduke Charles. Forced to retreat, he executed a masterly movement which won the admiration of military men, and gave Moreau an established reputation. In the following campaign he was in full activity, and again crossed the Rhine in the presence of the enemy, and in open day. He soon captured the fortress of Kehl, and took forty thousand prisoners. The national politics now began to interfere with his military operations. The directory summoned him to Paris and compelled him to resign his command, although he afterwards received the title of inspector-general. In 1799, however, the reverses of the French arms made it advisable that he should again be called upon. He was sent to Italy, and remained there without specific office or appointment, only to witness the blunders and defeats of Scherer, who, finding that he could not extricate himself, handed over the command to Moreau. The army had taken up its position behind the Adda, but was compelled by the overwhelming force of Suwarrow to retire to the Ticino, thence to the Po, the Tanaro, and Genoa. His military skill was still sufficient to secure success in several engagements, but he was overpowered. General Macdonald rushed to his aid from Naples, and Moreau thought that as soon as a junction was effected, the French would be able to resume the initiative. Suwarrow, however, with his intense activity had foreseen the movement from Naples, and he completely foiled the union of the French corps. Moreau was compelled to seek the protection of the Apennines, and just at the moment when he was nominated commander-in-chief on the Rhine, Joubert was sent to replace him in Italy. Joubert arrived on the eve of offering battle, and would have left the command to Moreau, but the latter preferred to place himself under the orders of the new commander. The battle of Novi took place, and there Joubert was killed. The battle was a defeat, but a defeat that scarcely left an advantage to the victors. Moreau repaired to Paris, where the tottering directory was almost about to fall. Faction prevailed, and a belief had grown up that only a general could rule the country. It is even asserted that applications were made to Moreau to undertake the government, but his sphere was not in the field of politics, and he declined. Another general, with greater confidence in his own powers, was soon to appear. Napoleon Bonaparte returned from Egypt, and Moreau was willing to serve under the orders of the future emperor, at first with cordiality, but at a later period with a conviction that their views were essentially different. By Bonaparte he was intrusted with the command of the armies on the Rhine and Danube, which in 1800 achieved the victory of Hohenlinden. The previous operations that led to that decisive result, and at which Moreau commanded, were the battles of Moeskirch, Eupen, Memmingen, Biberach, Hochstadt, Nedenheim, and some minor engagements. Returning to Paris, he married a young lady of fortune—said to have been ambitious—who is supposed to have fomented the discontent of the general, and to have urged him to plot against the consular government. He was implicated in the conspiracy of Pichegru and Georges, and with fifty-four other persons was brought to trial, found guilty, and sentenced to two years' imprisonment. This sentence, on account of his military services, was commuted, on condition that he should retire to the United States, and that he should not return without permission. On his arrival in America he bought a fine property near Trenton on the Delaware, and resided there for several years in ease and retirement until, induced by the invitation of the allies, he returned to Europe in 1813. Proceeding to Prague he there found the emperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia, and was received by them with the utmost distinction and cordiality. Alexander himself conducted the king of Prussia to the general's apartments, and Frederick William said "that he had the greatest pleasure in paying a visit to a general so renowned for his talents and virtues." Although not appointed to a specific command he was military counsellor-in-chief to the allied sovereigns, and with them he took the field against Napoleon. This step was fatal to Moreau. Dresden was the pivot on which the operations of Napoleon were hinged, and the allies resolved to march their grand army to its attack. The siege was commenced on the 26th of August, 1813. On the 27th Moreau accompanied the Emperor Alexander to inspect the position of the armies; and riding forward to reconnoitre more closely some movements of Napoleon's troops, a cannon shot struck him on the right knee, passed through his horse and tore away the muscles of the left limb. He fell saying, "I am lost; but it is sweet to die in so good a cause." The emperor personally rendered him aid, and he was carried off the field on a litter made of the lances of the Cossacks. Both limbs were amputated. Next day, the allies being in retreat, he was carried to Laun; and there, notwithstanding his condition, he wrote to his wife a most interesting letter filled with affection. He expired on the 1st of September. His body was first sent to Prague to be embalmed, and was finally interred at St. Petersburg. The Emperor Alexander made ample provision for the widow, who received from Louis XVIII. the title of Maréchale.—P. E. D.
MOREL, Andrew, was born at Berne in Switzerland in 1646. His education commenced at St. Gall, was continued at Zurich, and concluded at Geneva. Rapidly acquiring enormous erudition, he chiefly devoted himself to antiquities and numismatics. He came to Paris, and in 1683 published "Specimen Universæ Rei Nummariæ Antiquæ." The attention excited by this work obtained for him an appointment to assist Ranisant in designing all the medals contained in the king's cabinet. Rewarded by plenty of praise, but with little or nothing else, he complained so freely to Louvois, the minister, that he was thrown into the
