until 1659. He became head of the mission in the province of Che-Kiang, but was expelled in 1673, and returned to Rome, where he denounced the latitudinarianism of the jesuits in yielding to many of the native superstitions, at which, however, he seems himself to have connived while in China. In 1676 he published at Madrid a work entitled "Tratados historicos, politicos, ethicos y religiosos de la Monarquia de China." The first volume, now very scarce in the original, contains many curious particulars. A translation of it is contained in Churchill's Voyages. The second volume, which related to the disputes between the jesuits and the dominicans in China, was suppressed by the inquisition. Navarrete was appointed in 1678 archbishop of Santo Domingo, where he died in 1689.—F. M. W.
NAVARRETE, Martin Fernandez de, a Spanish author, was born 19th November, 1765, and while young received into the order of St. John of Jerusalem (of Malta). At the age of fifteen, however, he entered the navy, and served at Ferrol under a brother of the statesman Jovellanos, with whom he was afterwards intimate. In 1784 he served in various expeditions against the Moors; but in 1786 he determined to devote himself to the study of astronomy, navigation, and naval architecture. In 1789 he received the royal command to commence the collection which forms his principal work, "Coleccion de los Viajes y Descubrimientos que hicieron por Mar los Españoles desde Fines del Siglo XV." a collection of documents illustrating the achievements of the Spanish navy. He was engaged in researches on this subject from 1790 to 1793, bringing to light many forgotten treasures in the royal library, and those of the duke of Infantado, duke of Medina Sidonia, and other private collections. In 1793 he went to pursue his researches at Seville, but on the declaration of war by the French he again entered the naval service. He was present at the occupation and evacuation of Toulon; and in 1796 served against the English. In 1797 he was appointed a secretary in the office of the minister of marine, and ten years later he was raised to a higher office in the same department. During these years he produced a large number of memoirs on naval and other subjects, including a notice of the various Spanish expeditions in search of the North-west passage; and somewhat later (1825) a dissertation on the part borne by Spain in the crusades. He also edited, for the Spanish Royal Academy, a treatise on orthography, and, as secretary to the academy he compiled biographical notices of most of the members who died between 1808 and 1832. In 1819 he published a life of Cervantes, which is one of the best extant; and in 1831 he wrote an important preface to the maritime dictionary published by order of the government. But his chief work is the collection of voyages above mentioned (1825-1837), which has been praised in the highest terms by Humboldt. Navarrete died in 1844.—F. M. W.
NAVARRETE. See Fernandez Navarrete.
* NAVEZ, François Joseph, a celebrated Belgian painter, was born at Charleroi, 16th November, 1787; studied under François of Brussels, and afterwards under David at Paris. He accompanied David into exile, and remained with him till 1817, when he went to Rome. In 1822 he returned to Brussels, and has remained there ever since. He has chiefly painted scriptural and historical subjects., in a manner modified from that of his master David. His pictures of this order abound in the churches and public buildings of Belgium. He has also painted many portraits of distinguished personages. M. Navez is the head of the academic school of Belgian painters, which long held undisputed sway in that country, but is now in a great measure superseded by the romanticists. Navez is director of the Belgian Academy of the Fine Arts, and principal professor of painting, president of the museum commission, &c. He is a knight of the lion of Belgium, of the order of Leopold, and of various foreign orders, also a member of many foreign academies.—J. T—e.
NAYLOR, James, a Quaker, was born at Ardsley in Yorkshire in 1616. During his early years he was a soldier in the parliamentary army, but quitted it in 1649. He soon after became an extreme fanatic, and fancied that he was transformed into the Messiah. Pretending to work miracles, he obtained the assistance of one Dorcas Earberry, who made an oath before a magistrate that she had been dead two days, and had been brought to life by Naylor. At length parliament, considering the matter deserving attention, devoted many days to inquiries and debates. The result of the investigation was, that he was condemned to be pilloried, whipped, branded in the forehead, and his tongue to be perforated with a hot iron. This barbarous sentence was carried into execution at Bristol. Naylor's delusion so far supported him, that he endured these severities with remarkable patience. After an imprisonment of some years in Bridewell, he was liberated in 1660, and in the same year died while on a journey to his native county.—E. B., L.
NAZIANZEN, Gregory. See Gregory.
NEAL, Daniel, the historian of the puritans, was born in London, 14th December, 1678. His parents died during his childhood, but a maternal uncle took an affectionate charge of the orphan. He was sent to Merchant Taylors' school when he was about seven years of age, and remained till he was head scholar. Declining the offer of an exhibition to St. John's college, as he had adopted the principles of protestant dissent, he entered Mr. Rowe's dissenting academy, and after spending three years there went over to Holland, and studied two years at Utrecht, and one year at Leyden. In 1703 he came back to England, along with Dr. Lardner. Next year he was chosen assistant pastor by a congregation in Aldersgate Street; and three years after, on the death of the senior incumbent, he became their sole minister. The congregation grew so rapidly, that they had to remove to a larger place in Jewin Street. Neal took his turn in lecturing with other brethren at Berry Street and at Salters' hall. From the pressure of continuous literary labour and pastoral toil his health at length gave way; repeated strokes of paralysis blasted both his bodily and mental powers. The frequent use of the waters at Bath brought him no relief, and he died, 4th April, 1743, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. He married the sister of Dr. Lardner, and left a son and two daughters. Neal's remains are a "History of New England," published in 1720, and a great number of sermons preached on special occasions and published; but his great work is the "History of the Puritans"—a work of deserved popularity, which has passed through several editions. The first volume was published in 1732, and the last in 1738; and in spite of the hostile strictures of Maddox and Grey the book still remains an authority of the first rank. Neal was evangelical and Calvinistic.—J. E.
NEAL or NELE, Thomas, was born at Yeate in Gloucestershire in 1519, and studied at Winchester and New college, Oxford, where he became known as a good Greek and Hebrew scholar. He adhered to the Romish faith, and under Edward VI. retired to Paris, where he took a degree. In Mary's time he returned, and held a living near Brackley, and was chaplain to Bonner. On Elizabeth's accession he lost his preferments and retired to Oxford, but soon after conformed, and was Hebrew professor till 1569. In 1566 he presented to the queen, on her visit to Oxford, a Latin version of Kimchi on several of the minor prophets, in a MS. written by himself, and now in the British Museum. His last years were spent in privacy. He is said to have invented the once famous story of the consecration of Archbishop Parker at the Nag's Head tavern in Cheapside.—B. H. C.
NEALCES, a celebrated Greek painter mentioned by Pliny and Plutarch, contemporary with Aratus of Sicyon, about 213 b.c., and one of the most distinguished artists of his time. Among the examples of his ingenuity in the introduction of accessaries in his pictures, is noticed "A Battle," in which he painted a crocodile watching an ass while drinking, in order to show that the scene of the conflict was on the banks of the Nile.—See the article Melanthius.—R. N. W.
NEANDER, Christoph Friedrich, a German divine and poet, was born at Ekan, Courland, Dec. 26, 1724. After being educated for the church at Hallé, he was minister successively of several parishes in Livonia and Courland, and in 1785 was appointed superintendent of the two duchies, Courland and Semgallen. His "Geistliche Lieder," Riga, 1766-74, 2 vols., are distinguished by simplicity, power, and deep feeling. He died July 21st, 1802.—(See the Life and Works of Neander, by Elise von der Recke, edited by Tiedge. Berlin, 1804.)—K. E.
NEANDER, Johann August Wilhelm, the great ecclesiastical historian, was born in Göttingen on the 17th January, 1789. It is by mistake that his birthday has usually been celebrated on the 16th. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, was a Jewish dealer in straitened circumstances; his mother, Esther Gottschalk, who was related to influential people, separated from her husband in Hamburg after bearing him six children, of whom the future church historian, then a boy, was the youngest. David Mendel (for such was Neander's real name) in later life charac-
