his various works. At home he held the post of director of the gallery of the Stadelsche Institut. His chief works are "Essays on the Fine Arts" (Ansichten über die bildenden Künste), 8vo, 1820; "Kuntstreise durch England und Belgien," 8vo, 1833, translated into English under the title of "Tour of a German Artist in England," 2 vols. 12mo, 1836; a Life of Raphael ("Rafael von Urbino und sein Vater Giovanni Santi"), 2 vols. 8vo, with a folio volume of plates, 1839—a work of great research, of which the French translation (1860) is in effect a revised edition; "Christian Art in Spain" (Die christliche Kunst in Spanien), 8vo, 1853; and "Le Peintre-graveur," 8vo, 1860-62, designed as a supplement to Bartsch's work of the same title, but containing the result of much original research on the early history of engraving, and of an unusually extensive knowledge of prints. Of this valuable work he only lived to complete three volumes. He also contributed numerous papers to the Berlin Kunstblatt, and other periodicals. He died August 12, 1861. All his works are characterized by learning, judgment, and the most painstaking and scrupulous accuracy.—J. T—e.
PASSERONI, Gian Carlo, abate and poet, born at Condamine, Nice, 8th March, 1713; died in Milan, 26th December, 1803. His chief work, "Il Cicerone," is a satirical poem in one hundred and one cantos, which scourges vices, defects, manners, writings, men, and especially women. Whilst free from indecency, its style recalls the Orlando Furioso of Arioste; of which, however, Passeroni, fearful of contaminating his own mind, is said never to have read even a line. His poverty, charity, and most tender conscience, recall the ascetics of an elder age; his sole attendant was an old woman, who daily brought him water, and made his bed; and his sole household inmate was the cock who figures in his verses.—C. G. R.
PASSEROTTI. See Passarotti.
PASSIONEI, Domenico, Cardinal, and patron of letters, born at Fossombrone in the duchy of Urbino, of an ancient family, on the 2nd December, 1682; died at Frascati, July, 1761. Zealous, energetic, unalterably firm, his services were repeatedly claimed by the holy see; and he discharged missions of more or less dignity in Paris, Holland, the Swiss Cantons, and Vienna; till in 1738 he was decorated with a cardinal's hat. Meanwhile his literary labours kept pace with his public career. He amassed a rich and curious library, not for himself alone, but for the use of all worthy students; whose applications he sometimes met with gracious courtesy, himself doing the honours of his collection, and sometimes even forestalled. As librarian of the Vatican he added important works to the superb collection under his care, and facilitated the Biblical researches of Dr. Kennicott. He more than once came forward as champion of some unjustly aspersed author; but the writings of the jesuits he utterly proscribed, not admitting one of their volumes to a place on his shelves, and opposing with all his might the proposed canonization of Cardinal Bellarmin.—C. G. R.
PASSOW, Franz Ludwig Karl Friedrich, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg, 20th September, 1786, and devoted himself to classical learning in the gymnasium of Gotha under Jacobs, and in the university of Leipsic under G. Hermann. In 1815 he obtained a chair at Breslau, where he excelled as a most efficient teacher and a fruitful writer. He died 11th March, 1833. His Greek Dictionary marks a decided progress in Greek lexicography, and in his numerous editions and monographs solid learning is happily combined with elegant taste.—(See Life and Correspondence by Wachler, Breslau, 1839; Linge De Passovii Vita et Scriptis, Hirschberg, 1839.)—K. E.
PASTI, Matteo, a native of Verona, who practised in that city between 1446 and 1473 with great success as a medal and gem engraver, and as a sculptor. He is also believed to have drawn and engraved the fine woodcuts, eighty-two in number, of military engines, soldiers, &c., in the folio volume of Valturius, De re militari, Verona, 1472—the first book so illustrated which appeared in Lombardy.—J. T—e.
PATENIER or DE PATINER, Joachim, a celebrated Flemish painter, was born at Dinant about 1487 or 1490. He studied in Antwerp, and was admitted into the guild of painters in that city in 1515. He at first painted small figures with landscape backgrounds, but eventually landscapes only; and he passed from a hard, dry, and minute style to one of greater breadth and freedom. He is regarded as the founder of the Netherland school of landscape painting. It is said that when Albert Dürer visited Antwerp in 1520 he was so much delighted with the works of Patenier that he painted his portrait as a mark of his esteem. Patenier was a man of dissipated habits, and only painted when constrained. He died in 1545. His works are very scarce and much prized. Some of the best are in the museums of Antwerp, Brussels, and Vienna, and there are a few in the private collections of this country.—J. T—e.
PATERCULUS, Caius Velleius, the historian, was born about 19 b.c., of a wealthy and influential family. Having entered the army at an early age, he served for some years under Tiberius the future emperor, who appears to have been his patron. He filled the offices of quæstor and prætor, and wrote his history about a.d. 30; after which time nothing more is known of his life. The history of Velleius is a brief compendium in two books, extending from the siege of Troy down to the period at which it was written. The greater part, however, of the first book is unhappily lost. The object of the author was to give a brief view of universal history, but more especially of the events connected with the Roman commonwealth, the narrative of which occupies the main portions of the work. He does not attempt to give a consecutive account of all the events of history, but seizes only upon a few of the more prominent occurrences, which he describes at sufficient length to impress them on the memory. His style is marked by clearness, conciseness, and energy; his observations are exceedingly subtle; and he shows himself everywhere a well-read writer, and thoroughly acquainted with his subject. He often reminds us of the French writers of the age of Louis XV. His great fault is the senile flattery which he lavishes on the family of Augustus and his patron Tiberius. Sejanus is treated with the most fulsome adulation; and Livia, the mother of Tiberius, is said to have partaken more of the divine than human nature. The best editions of Velleius are by Burmann, Leyden, 1719; Ruhnken, Leyden, 1789; and Orelli, Leipsic, 1685.—G.
PATERSON, Samuel, an eminent book auctioneer, was born in London in 1728, the son of a woollen draper, near Covent Garden. His early life was passed in France, where he acquired that knowledge of foreign literature which prompted him on his return to England to open a shop in the Strand for the sale of foreign books. Not successful in this he became auctioneer in Essex house, and by the fortunate rescue of Sir Julius Cæsar's MSS. from the waste-paper dealer, he was enabled to display his talent for cataloguing, and to draw the attention of the learned to his sale rooms. His catalogues of the various libraries he sold are still valuable on account of the plain simplicity with which the books are classified in a few (sixteen) great departments of human knowledge. This characteristic is displayed in his "Bibliotheca Anglica Curiosa," 1771. Paterson was librarian for some years to Lord Shelburne. He was the author of "Another Traveller by Coriat, jun.," 3 vols. 12mo, 1766; "Joineriana," 2 vols., 1772; and the Templar, a periodical. He died November 29, 1802.—(Nichols' Lit. Anecdotes, iii., 440, 733.)—R. H.
PATERSON, William, founder of the Bank of England, was born in the parish of Tinwald, in Dumfriesshire, in the year 1655. His family is believed to have been a branch of the Patersons of Bannockburn; and his father, though not wealthy, belonged to the class between the farmers and the minor gentry. There is every reason to believe that he was educated at the university of Glasgow, and he adopted the presbyterian faith with such zeal that he was compelled to take refuge in England from the persecution then raging in his native country against the Covenanters. He found an asylum in the house of a maternal relative in Bristol, who dying soon after left him a small sum of money, with which he entered into trade. He is charged in a virulent lampoon with having at this period married a "comely dame who presided over one of the great coffee-houses in the neighbourhood of the Royal Exchange," and with having begun business as a pedler; but there is every reason to believe that these statements, like the assertions that he was a tub orator, a missionary, and a buccaneer, are utterly devoid of truth. About this time he visited the West Indies, probably with a view to make inquiries preparatory to his great scheme for establishing a colony on the isthmus of Darien. It is certain that he acquired extensive and valuable information respecting South America, and that he brought back with him "several manuscript books, journals, reckonings, exact illuminated maps, and other papers of discovery." On his return from America he seems to have taken up his residence for some time in 1687
