in Brittany, where Philip and Edward were engaged on opposite sides as auxiliaries in reference to a disputed succession to the duchy, and also in other parts of France. On the 26th August, 1346, was fought the great battle of Cressy, in which Edward gained a complete victory, and thirty thousand French, besides one king, John of Bohemia, eleven princes, and twelve hundred knights, were left dead on the field. Next year Calais, the key of France, surrendered to the English sovereign. On the side of Guienne and Poitou Philip was additionally unsuccessful in 1345 and 1347; while, as if to complete his calamities, the third part of his subjects were swept away by a terrible pestilence. Happily, through the interposition of Pope Clement VI., a truce was in fine concluded, which lasted until 1355. It was during this sovereign's rule that Dauphiny was ceded by Hubert II. to the crown of France. Philip closed his troubled career at Nogent-le-Roi, near Chartres, on the 22nd August, 1350, in the fifty-seventh year of his age.—J. J.
DUKES OF BURGUNDY.
Philip, surnamed le Hardi, or the Bold, fourth son of John, king of France, was born in 1342, and obtained his surname when only sixteen years old, from the courage which he displayed in the battle of Poitiers, when he fought near his father, protected him from some of his assailants, and was wounded whilst valiantly fighting at his side. They were both taken prisoners and brought to England. It is said that Philip once struck the cup-bearer at the English court for serving his own master before the king of France, preferring thus, as Philip said, the vassal to the sovereign. Philip was made duke of Burgundy by his father, and confirmed in his title to the dukedom by Charles V. He married, in 1369, Marguerite of Flanders, who succeeded her father in his possessions, and thus endowed Philip with a dominion equal to that of the most powerful European sovereigns. Upon the death of Charles V., Philip was appointed to a prominent position in the administration of public affairs, and became involved in disputes with the duke of Anjou, regent of the kingdom during the minority of Charles VI., which produced many disastrous consequences. He died at Hallé in April, 1404, aged sixty-three years, and was buried by his own desire at Dijon Chartreuse, of which he was the founder. He had five sons and four daughters by Margaret of Flanders, who died a year after him.—F.
Philip, surnamed le Bon, or the Good, was son of Jean Sans Peur, the eldest son of Philip the Bold of Burgundy, by Margaret of Bavaria, and was born at Dijon in 1396. Jean Sans Peur was murdered in 1419 by the party of the dauphin, to meet whom he had gone to Montereau, to enter into negotiations for the purpose of establishing the peace of the kingdom. In consequence of this act of barbarity and the progress made by Henry V. of England in the invasion of France, the queen and Philip concluded with that monarch the famous treaty of Troyes, by which the crown of France was transferred to the house of Lancaster, Henry undertaking to unite his arms with those of the duke of Burgundy, in order to subdue the adherents of Charles the dauphin. After the death of Henry V. it is said that Philip refused the regency, which was therefore confided by the dying king to his brother, the duke of Bedford, whose marriage with Anne of Burgundy bound Philip more powerfully in the support of English interests. An unforeseen occurrence, however, prevented the results which might have arisen from this union. The duke of Gloucester had in the absence of Bedford inconsiderately kindled a war in the Low Countries, and carried thither the troops intended for the reinforcement of the English army in France; his object being to depose the duke of Brabant, Philip's cousin-german. Upon this the Burgundians abandoned Bedford to march against Gloucester and his newly-married wife, Jacqueline of Bavaria, and obtained several advantages over the English forces. Subsequently, the duke of Bedford acted with such prudence and address as to induce Philip to renew their alliance, the crowning point of which was the coronation of the youthful Henry VI. at Paris. Philip in concert with the earls of Arundel and Suffolk besieged the town of Compeigne, to the succour of which Joan of Arc came with a numerous force, but was routed, was herself taken prisoner, and eventually burnt to death. This act of cruelty tended to increase the strong inclination which had seized the French for returning into obedience under their rightful sovereign. Philip soon after deserted the English interests, and formed an alliance with Charles VII. On January 10, 1430, Philip married at Bruges Isabella of Portugal, and instituted in her honour the order of the golden fleece, which became afterwards and remained for some time one of the noblest orders in Christendom. The title of this order is derived, according to some, from the golden tresses of Philip's mistress, and according to others from his desire to honour the commerce in wool which was the foundation of the riches of Bruges and of the Low Countries—the sovereignty of which had been unwillingly ceded to him by Jacqueline after the death of Brabant. Philip and his son were both present at the coronation of Louis XI., but this king, whose subtle and deceitful character earned him such an unenviable name in history, behaved to the duke with his wonted treachery. Philip resigned the administration of his own dukedom to his son, the count of Charolois, who openly opposed the king, and the intrigues which he instigated. Philip died at Bruges, July 15, 1457, aged sixty-one.—F.
II.—PRINCES OF GERMANY.
Philip of Suabia, surnamed Suevus, the youngest son of the Emperor Barbarossa and Beatrice of Burgundy, was sent in early life by his brother, the Emperor Henry VI., to Italy, to take the government of the Tuscan-Sicilian states. Combating the chronic insurrection of the Italians, he heard of the death of his imperial brother, and under great troubles fought his way back across the Alps, in 1197, to gain the crown for his young nephew Frederick. Defeated in this object by the intrigues of Pope Innocent III., he assumed himself the imperial diadem, 1198, to keep the sovereignty in his family. After a long and severe struggle against several rival emperors nominated by the pope, he succeeded in subduing all his enemies, and in the year 1204 was solemnly crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle by the archbishop of Cologne. After a few years passed in peace, he began to make preparations in 1208 for a campaign against the Danes, Residing, on the 21st of June, in the city of Bamberg, he had an interview with the count-palatine of Wittelsbach, whom he had formerly promised, but afterwards refused, the hand of his daughter Cunigonde. A lively altercation on this subject ensuing, the count drew his sword and nearly severed the emperor's head from his body. Thus ended one of the best and bravest of German kaisers; a man praised by all his contemporaries as enlightened far beyond the princes of his age. He left four daughters, by his consort Irene, daughter of the Emperor Isaac Angeli of Constantinople.—F. M.
Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, was born at Marburg on the 23rd November, 1504; succeeded to the government of his hereditary states in his fourteenth year; and died at Marburg on the 31st March, 1567, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, and the forty-ninth of an energetic and successful reign. He was one of the ablest, most active, and most influential princes of Germany in the Reformation age; and to none of the evangelical princes was the Reformation indebted for more important services. It was not till the year 1525 that he declared himself openly on the side of Luther—before which time he had already distinguished himself highly in arms, both in the defeat of Francis von Sickingen, and in the suppression of the revolt of the peasants under the fanatical Munzer. He immediately introduced the Reformation into his states, with the help of Francis Lambert and other evangelical divines; and applying the endowments of the monasteries which he suppressed in the most conscientious manner, he devoted a large portion of them to the founding of a new university at Marburg, which was opened in 1527, and was the first university in Europe to be founded without the authority of the pope. He early saw the necessity of cementing the closest union among all the adherents of the Reformation, with a view to their common safety. It was in order to this that he brought about the Marburg conference in 1529 between Luther and Zwingli, and other Saxon and Helvetic theologians, the results of which, though indecisive, were still highly favourable to a better understanding between the two parties. In 1530 he entered into a bond or league for six years with the cities of Zurich, Basle, and Strasburg, for mutual and joint defence against the Emperor Charles V., by whom he was regarded as the most energetic enemy of Rome; and in 1531 he succeeded in forming the formidable league of Schmalkald (from which the Swiss protestants were excluded, much to his regret), which combined against the emperor the resources of all the princes who adhered to the Augsburg Confession of 1530. This league preserved the reformed states from attack till 1546, and would probably have warded off the blows of the emperor much longer but for the treachery of Maurice, the young duke
