in the action with the Syracusan fleet. When he saw that Dion was victorious in the battle he destroyed himself with his own hand. His principal work, perhaps the only one of those ascribed to him of which he was really the author, was a history of Sicily. It was written, we are informed by Cicero, in a style similar to that of Thucydides; and its principles, if Plutarch's account is to be accepted as true, must have approached pretty close to those afterwards enunciated by Machiavelli.—D. M.
PHILLIP, John, R.A., was born at Aberdeen, April 19, 1817, and, without having received any regular instruction, for some time practised portrait painting in his native city. In 1837 he became a student in the Royal Academy, and remained there two years. He settled in London; and in 1847 he began to exhibit at the Royal Academy scenes of Scottish life and character, as "A Presbyterian Catechising," "A Scotch Fair," "Scotch Baptism," "Scotch Washing," &c. His first visit to Spain was made in 1851, and there he struck out a bolder and freer manner of painting and a richer key of colour. His Spanish pictures at once became exceedingly popular, and their popularity has increased since his second Spanish tour, in 1857, enabled him to impart to them still more character and local colour. The circumstance of the queen and prince-consort having purchased several of these Spanish scenes (including the "Letter-writer of Seville," 1854; "El Pasco," 1855; "The Contrabandista," 1860), and commissioning him to paint a portrait of the prince-consort, 1858, and "The Marriage of the Princess Royal," 1860, no doubt contributed to his success. His "Water Drinkers," a "Scene by a Spanish Fountain," "Dolores," and a "Spanish Volunteer," appeared in the Exhibition of the Royal Academy in 1862. He died in February, 1867.—J. T—e.
PHILLIPS, Charles, barrister and author, born at Sligo in 1789, and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, was called to the Irish bar in 1812 and to the English in 1821. He had acquired such fame by his fervid forensic addresses, very effective with juries, that in 1817 his "Speeches" were collected. In London he became the leader of the Old Bailey bar, and in the defence of Courvoisier was thought to have carried to an extreme the privileges of a professional advocate. By his early patron, Lord Brougham, while chancellor, he was appointed to the district court of bankruptcy at Liverpool, and in 1837 he became a commissioner of the insolvent debtors' court in London, where he died on the 1st of February, 1859. In early life he published some poems, and in his later years an "Historical Sketch of Arthur Duke of Wellington," 1852; "Napoleon III.," 1854, a vindication of that sovereign and of the French alliance; and "Vacation Thoughts on Capital Punishments," 1856. His only work of any real note, however, was "The Recollections of Curran and some of his Contemporaries," an interesting book, first published in 1818, and which has gone through several editions.—F. E.
PHILLIPS, Edward, one of the nephews of Milton, was the son of Edward Phillips, secondary in the crown office, by Anne, sister of the great poet, and was born at London in August, 1630. He received his earliest education under his uncle. In 1648 he became a student of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he continued till 1651. The precise date of his death is not known. From the number of works which Wood attributes to Edward Phillips, it is probable that he was an author by profession. These works our space will not permit us to enumerate, nor is it necessary that we should do so, inasmuch as, with two exceptions, they are of comparatively little interest or importance. We refer, in the first place, to his "Theatrum Poetarum, or Complete Collection of the Poets, especially the most eminent of all ages, the ancients distinguished from the moderns in the several alphabets: with some observations and reflections upon many of them, especially those of our own nation; together with a prefatory Discourse of the Poets and Poetry in general." Into this work, published at London in 1675, there is, says Warton, "good reason to suppose that Milton threw many additions and corrections. It contains criticisms far above the taste of that period, and such as were not common after the national taste had been just corrupted by the false and capricious refinements of the court of Charles II." The preface, however, displays more manifest traces of Milton's pen than the book itself. In 1800 Sir Egerton Brydges published a new edition of the "Theatrum," as far as regards the English poets, and subjoined valuable additions to every article. The second work by which Edward Phillips is chiefly known, is his life of his illustrious uncle, prefixed to the English translation of Milton's State Letters, published in 1694.—The poet's other nephew, John, the brother of Edward Phillips, seems at first to have been a stanch supporter of his uncle's political opinions, for he wrote a "Miltoni Defensio," in answer to the "Apologia pro Rege," which was falsely ascribed to Bishop Bramhall; but he afterwards changed his sentiments, as appears from his continuation of Heath's Chronicle, published in 1676, and some of his other writings, which are now obsolete. Wood gives us no account of his death; but he reports very unfavourably of the character of John Phillips, who appears, indeed, from his publications, to have reflected little credit on his family.—J. J.
* PHILLIPS, John, F.R.S., F.G.S., one of the most distinguished of British geologists and palæontologists, was born on December 25, 1800. He derived an early taste for geological science from the instruction and example of his maternal uncle, William Smith, the father of British geology. In the preface to the memoir of his uncle. Professor Phillips speaks of himself as "an orphan who benefited by his goodness—a pupil who was trained up under his care." As the companion of his uncle he was affected by the misfortunes which clouded a portion of the career of that remarkable man. From 1815 to 1839 he was constantly associated with Dr. Smith, either as pupil or fellow-worker. He assisted him in his laborious geological surveys and explorations. As an example of the method in which he was trained as a field geologist, we may refer to the account which he gives, in the memoir above quoted, of the different pedestrian tours made by the uncle and nephew in 1819 and the following years, for the purpose of completing Dr. Smith's series of geological county maps. In 1819 their journey lay through the counties of Rutland, Northampton, Bedford, Oxford, and Wiltshire. In 1821 they explored the coal fields of Yorkshire with the intention of determining the true general order of the coal beds, ironstone courses, and characteristic rocks. Professor Phillips thus describes the mode of operation adopted:—Two lines were drawn across the country which required to be surveyed, for the purpose of completing the maps. "On one of these Mr. Smith moved with the due deliberation of a commander-in-chief; the other was traversed by his more active subaltern, who found the means often to cross from his own parallel to report progress at head-quarters. This mode of strata-hunting was not necessarily expensive; it was extremely agreeable and effective, and was faithfully executed in peregrinations which lasted six months, and permitted one of the parties to walk over two thousand miles of ground, and preserve memoranda of almost every mile along the line." Such training, as might be expected, produced its results—Mr. Phillips became one of the first practical geologists and surveyors of his age. Palæontology and zoology formed part of his pursuits, and the constant use of his pencil made him a most expert scientific draughtsman. In 1824 his acquirements recommended him to the York Philosophical Society as a fit person to be intrusted with the task of arranging the fossils in their museum; and in the following year he was appointed its keeper. He lectured frequently on geology and zoology in York and its neighbourhood, and it was mainly to his influence that the society of the locality acquired a scientific character, which it has never lost. Amongst Mr. Phillips' earlier contributions to geology was a paper on the direction of diluvial currents in Yorkshire, which was read before the York Philosophical Society on November 7, 1826, and was published in the Philosophical Magazine for August, 1827. In 1828 he was admitted a fellow of the Geological Society. In the following year the collections of the York museum were removed to a new building erected in the grounds of St. Mary's abbey; and the keeper soon after occupied the house which had formerly been the gate of the abbey. On the occasion of the first meeting of the British Association, which took place at York in September, 1831, Mr. Phillips, as a secretary to the Philosophical Society, was appointed one of the secretaries to the Association for York. In the following year the Association met at Oxford; the Rev. W. V. Harcourt was elected general secretary, and Mr. Phillips assistant general secretary. In this capacity he has arranged and edited twenty-seven volumes of the Transactions of the Association. His work as a lecturer was not long confined to a province. He delivered courses on geology at the Royal and London institutions, and at University college, London. In 1835 he was appointed to the chair of geology in king's college; and five years later he resigned the superintendence of the York museum, but accepted the title
