not the least hand in the composition of this opera, with the exception of the third act. In 1784 Salieri went to Paris with his opera, which was performed several times before the royal family, and at each representation with increased success. The queen even flattered him by singing in it herself at every performance. At length this opera came out at the great theatre of the capital, and critics then discovered in the details of the piece, principally in the recitatives and the vocal parts, a peculiar style, which announced the most striking talent. It was not until after the thirteenth representation that Gluck, in an address to the public, declared Salieri to be the sole composer of the music. The director of the opera immediately paid him a remuneration of ten thousand francs, and three thousand more for the expenses of his journey. The queen likewise made him a very considerable present. Salieri quickly produced other operas, which were performed with success at Vienna, Venice, and Paris. He succeeded Joseph Bono at the imperial chapel at Vienna, with an extra salary of two hundred ducats, and died at that city in 1825. Fétis gives a list of his numerous works.—E. F. R.
SALISBURY, William Montacute, first earl of, born about 1302, a famous warrior and statesman, apprehended Roger Mortimer at Nottingham, and sent him prisoner to London in the fourth year of Edward III. For this service he was richly rewarded. In the eighth year of the third Edward's reign, he was made governor of the Channel islands, and constable of the Tower of London, and in its eleventh year, admiral of the king's fleet and earl of Salisbury. He fought with great distinction in Edward's Scotch and French wars, and died in 1344, of "some bruises," it is said, "which he received in tilting at Windsor." He married Katherine, daughter of William de Grandison, the lady to whom tradition ascribes, falsely it would seem, the origin of the order of the garter.—John Montacute, third earl of Salisbury, born about 1350, was a great favourite of Richard II., upon whose deposition he went with the earls of Huntingdon and Kent, all disguised as Christmas players, to Windsor, to assassinate Henry IV. The plot was discovered, and the conspirators fled to Cirencester, where they were seized and beheaded. "He was one of the chief of that sect called Lollards in his t ime," says Dugdale, in whose Baronage there is an account of his iconoclastic proceedings.—F. E.
SALISBURY. See Cecil.
SALISBURY. See John of Salisbury.
SALIS-SEEWIS, Johann Gaudenz, Freiherr von, a Swiss lyrical poet, was born at Malans, the Grisons, December 26, 1762, and died at the same place, January 29, 1834. In the course of a life abounding in strange vicissitudes he served as a captain in the Swiss body guard at Versailles (1785), and afterwards acted as aid-de-camp to Marshal Massena. Yet strange to say, his poems, which are still reckoned among the favourites of the German public, are of the idyllic kind; they are mostly eloquent praises of nature and of rural life. Salis was on friendly terms with all the German poets of his time, particularly with Matthisson.—K. E.
SALLENGRE, Albert Henry de, born of a family of French refugees at the Hague, 1694, was educated at Leyden, studying law under Voetius and Noodt, and on his return to the Hague was admitted an advocate in the court of Holland. With a view to literary researches he visited France in 1713, and again in 1717, and two years afterwards came to England, where he was elected F.R.S. Appointed counsellor to the princess of Nassau in 1716, he became, a year afterwards, commissary of the finances of the States-general. He died in 1723. He edited the Literary Journal, begun at the Hague in 1713, from 1715 till 1717. He published "Novus Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum" (a supplement to Graevius' Collection), and after his death there appeared "Essai d'une Histoire des Provinces-Unies pour l'année 1621," &c.
SALLO, Denis de (Sieur de la Coudraye), was born at Paris in 1626. In his youth he showed little aptitude for learning, but distinguished himself while at college, where he devoted his attention to the study of the law. In 1652 he was admitted a counsellor of the parliament. In 1664 he gained for himself the title of the founder of modern periodical criticism, by the establishment of the Journal des Savants, the first number of which appeared on 1st January, 1664, under the assumed name of the Sieur d'Hédouville. This was the commencement of similar literary journals in Italy, Germany, Holland, and England. The editorship soon after passed into the hands of the Abbé Gallois. Sallo died of apoplexy on 14th May, 1669, in his forty-third year.—W. J. P.
SALLUSTIUS, Caius Crispus, the historian, was born 86 b.c. of a plebeian family of no particular distinction. Little is known of his early life, but he is said to have been dissolute and luxurious. Being detected by Milo in an intrigue with his wife Faustina, he was soundly flogged by the injured husband, and compelled to pay a large sum of money to obtain his release. In revenge for this, at a subsequent period he took a prominent part in the proceedings against Milo consequent on the murder of Clodius. Sallust was hostile through life to the senatorial party, and warmly supported the interests of Julius Cæsar. In 52 b.c. he was tribune of the people. He was ejected from the senate by the censors, 50 b.c., perhaps on account of his amour with Faustina. In 47 he was prætor elect, and in the following year accompanied Cæsar in his African campaign, and was by him appointed governor of the important province of Numidia. In this office he amassed great wealth, by oppression and extortion, from the unfortunate provincials. After Cæsar's death he returned to Rome, and seems to have withdrawn altogether from public affairs. His ill-gotten riches enabled him to construct a magnificent palace and gardens on the Quirinal, upon the spot which is still called the Horti Sallustiani. He had also a sumptuous villa at Tivoli, and lived in wealth and luxury until his death, 34 b.c. His property he bequeathed to his nephew, who obtained considerable distinction under Augustus, and the family continued to flourish till a late period. The historical works of Sallust early obtained a reputation which has endured to the present time. They are praised in the highest terms by Seneca, Martial, and Tacitus. They were indeed among the earliest examples of regular historical composition among the Romans, and prepared the way for the more elaborate writings of Livy and Tacitus. Unhappily the "Histories" of Sallust which appear to have treated of the civil wars of Sulla and Marins, and of subsequent events down to his own time, have altogether perished, with the exception of a few fragments. The minor works ascribed to him are generally considered spurious. The only remains, therefore, which we have in a perfect form, are the histories of the Jugurthine war and the conspiracy of Catiline. These celebrated compositions undoubtedly possess literary merit of a very high order. The style, though nervous and concise, is clear and easy, free from the laboured and epigrammatic sententiousness of Tacitus, yet adorned with that care and polish which the great Julius has disdained to employ in his famous commentaries. It would seem that Sallust took Thucydides as his model, but his writings will bear no comparison as to philosophic depth and insight with the immortal work of the Greek historian. Yet his observations, if seldom profound, are always sensible, and show great shrewdness and sagacity. But it is in the delineation of character that he more especially excels. His portrait of Catiline, brief as it is, entitles us to place him on a par in this respect with Tacitus and Clarendon. He has often been accused of partiality, but so far as our limited knowledge enables us to judge, the charge is unfounded. Like all ancient historians, with the exception of Polybius, he introduced fictitious speeches into his histories. Thus we find him assigning orations of his own composing to Cato and Cæsar, although the speeches really delivered by them were extant when he wrote. It is also said that he affected the use of antiquated and obsolete expressions, and that in especial he imitated the style of Cato the censor. Nor can it be denied that a certain pretentious aiming at effect, and a tendency to merge the historian in the rhetorician, is at times visible in his pages. Nevertheless, whatever blemishes we may find in him, it is certain that he must always be deservedly esteemed a standard classic. The editions of Sallust are too numerous to require particular mention.—G.
SALLUSTIUS, surnamed the Philosopher, was descended from a patrician family of the Gauls, and was born about the beginning of the fourth century. The Emperor Constantius appointed him prefect of the Gauls, and intrusted him with the charge of the young Cæsar, Julian, whose friendship he speedily gained, and who appointed him his præfectus prætorio, and dedicated to him two treatises. Though a heathen, Sallustius dissuaded the emperor from persecuting the christians. He accompanied Julian in his expedition against the Persians, and after his death the generals unanimously offered the vacant throne to Sallustius; but he steadily refused it, alleging that his age and infirmities rendered him unequal to the burden. A second
