cellar or in a glass-house among thieves and beggars, was to be found the author of 'The Wanderer;' the man of exalted sentiments, extensive views, and curious observations; the man whose remarks on life might have assisted the statesman, whose ideas of virtue might have enlightened the moralist, whose eloquence might have influenced senators, and whose delicacy might have polished courts." Some little alleviation of his lot was afforded by Queen Caroline, who bestowed a pension of £50 a year on her "volunteer laureate," as Savage styled himself. It ceased with the queen's death in 1737, and Savage was utterly destitute. His friends, foremost among them Pope, subscribed to allow him £50 a year, if he removed from London and its temptations, and Wales was fixed on as his residence. He left London in July, 1739, but did not reach Swansea till 1742. He remained there a year; and having by that time quarreled with most of his subscribers, he resolved to return to London, with a tragedy which he had completed. In returning, as in going, he visited Bristol. First caressed and then neglected there, he was imprisoned for a small debt, and died in a Bristol gaol on the 1st of August, 1743. His biography by Johnson, who loved him and believed his story, appeared in the following year. A collective edition of his works was published in 1775.—F. E.
SAVARY, Anne Jean-Marie Réné, Lieutenant-general, duke of Rovigo, knight of the legion of honour, was born in the village of Marc in Champagne. In 1790 he was appointed lieutenant in the royal regiment of Normandy. On the breaking out of the Revolution, he sided with the republicans, and in 1794 was promoted on the staff of General Moreau, at that time commanding the army of the Rhine. At the battle of Friedberg his gallantry on the right wing contributed mainly to the success of the day. He accompanied General Desaix to Egypt, and returned with him to take part in the Italian campaign which ended in the victory of Marengo. Soon after this event. Colonel Savary was placed in command of a select regiment of gendarmes destined to be the body guard of the first consul. In 1805 he was raised to the rank of general of division, partly on account of his services in Belgium, and in the west of France at the period of the conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal and Pichegru. He was with Bonaparte at the battle of Austerlitz, being employed by him as a negotiator both before and after the battle. He accompanied the emperor in the Prussian campaign of 1806, and distinguished himself by the taking of Hamelin and Weinburg, and forcing a corps of the enemy under the command of General Urdom to capitulate. In 1807, by orders of the emperor, he assumed the command of the 5th corps d'armeé, with directions to watch the movements of the Austrian forces assembled on the Bug, and to prevent their junction with the Russians. The result of Bonaparte's plans was the battle of Eylau, which, although a victory for the French, would have profited them little but for the battle of Ostrolenka, which the division under the command of Savary gained on the 16th of February, 1807. This success established the reputation of Savary. He, however, soon after gave up his command in order to assume that of a brigade of the imperial guard, with whom he was present at the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland. He was now created Duke of Rovigo, and after the treaty of Tilsit, 8th of July, 1807, was sent into Russia as chargé d'affaires. His mission extended over eight months, when he was replaced by the duke of Vicenza, and sent into Spain, where French interests were seriously jeopardized. He returned to France again on the breaking out of war with Austria in 1809, and was present with the emperor in the campaign of that year. On the 13th June, 1810, the duke of Rovigo was appointed minister of police, and took an active part in the severe measures which were put in force for the suppression of the conspiracy of Mallet. After the defeat of Waterloo the duke accompanied the emperor on his flight from Paris, and even went with him on board the Bellerophon. He was, however, made prisoner, and incarcerated for seven months at Malta. Having succeeded in effecting an escape from the island, he retired to Smyrna, where he heard that in his absence he had been tried and condemned to death by a council of war held at Paris. From Smyrna he proceeded to Austria, and eventually sought refuge in England, where he arrived in June, 1819. Having obtained a revision of the sentence recorded against him by the council of war alluded to, and a restitution of the honours conferred on him under the Empire, he returned to Paris, where he died on 2nd June, 1837, of a cancer of the tongue.—W. J. P.
SAVARY, François, Seigneur de Breves, the introducer of Oriental types into France, was French ambassador at Constantinople for twenty-two years, and on his return in 1611 was sent by Henry IV. to the papal court, under whose auspices he established a printing office, in which Scialac and Sionita were employed as correctors of the press. He returned to Paris in 1615, bringing with him Sionita and the printer, Paulin; printed in the same year in Turkish and French the Turco-French treaty of 1604; and in 1616 an Arabic grammar, edited by Sionita and Hesronita. He died in 1627.
SAVARY, Nicolas, a French traveller, born in 1750 at Vitré in Brittany, was educated at the college of Rennes, and after residing for some time in Paris set out for Egypt in 1776. He remained in that country till 1779, and then embarked at Alexandria to visit the islands of the Grecian Archipelago. Returning to France in 1781, he published two years afterwards his translation of the Koran, in 1784 a selection of its Maxims, and the first volume of the "Lettres sur l'Egypte;" the other two volumes of which followed in 1785. Savary died in 1788. His "Letters sur les Grecs" were published a few months after his death, and his "Arabic Grammar" in 1813.
SAVERY, Roelandt, a celebrated Flemish painter, was born at Courtray in 1576. He was the son and scholar of Jacques Savery—born in 1545; died in 1602—an animal painter once of some repute, but now nearly forgotten. Roelandt Savery painted rocky landscapes with animals, which last are skilfully drawn and highly finished. He is generally reckoned one of the best painters in this manner. He was employed by Henri IV. of France in decorating his palaces; and he subsequently entered the service of the Emperor Rodolph II., by whose directions he spent some time in sketching and painting the wild scenery of the Tyrol. He continued at Prague till the death of the emperor in 1612, when he removed to Utrecht, where he died in 1639. One of his most noted pictures is "Adam naming the Animals," in the Berlin museum.—J. T—e.
SAVERY, Thomas, one of the early improvers of the steam-engine, lived during the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. He was a mining engineer in Cornwall, and according to the custom of that district, was designated as "captain." In 1696 he took a patent for propelling vessels by means of paddle-wheels driven by hand labour. In 1698 he patented a steam-engine for raising water, in which the previously known principle of forcing water up to a height by the direct pressure of steam on its surface was combined with that of raising water from a certain depth, by means of the pressure of the atmosphere driving the water into a partial vacuum produced by the condensation of the steam. He published a description of this engine in 1702, in a book called the "Miner's Friend," and it was soon extensively used for draining mines. In 1705 he became a joint patentee with Newcomen and Cawley in the atmospheric pumping steam-engine, which superseded his own engine, and was in its turn superseded by the engine of Watt. (See Newcomen.)—R.
SAVIGNY, Friedrich Karl von, an eminent German jurist, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine in 1779. After completing his education he became lecturer, and soon after professor extraordinary at Marburg, where in 1803 he published his celebrated work, "Recht des Besitzes," which has since gone through numerous editions. The chief subject of his studies, however, was the history of Roman law, and he undertook extensive travels in Germany and France in order to ransack the principal libraries. In 1808 he was appointed professor of law at Landshut, and in 1810 was called to a chair in the newly-founded university of Berlin. Here he not only excelled as a most efficient and popular teacher, but was gradually raised to the highest offices of trust and honour. In 1842 he was nominated minister of justice, and was expressly commissioned to superintend the reform of the law. He had, however, adopted the belief that circumstances of the period were in the last degree unfavourable to legal reform. His views were partly seconded by his pupils, for whom as well as for himself he accepted the designation of the historic school. In his famous work, "Vom Beruf unserer Zeit für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft," he had unfortunately opposed those jurisconsults, who like Thibaut, Schmid, and others, had, in the political reconstruction of Germany, demanded a general code for the whole confederacy. According to him, there existed neither a want of such a general code, nor were the codes of Prussia, Austria, and France fit for general acceptance. He would not even allow the German language in its present state
