mund on his election as king of Poland, and he availed himself of the opportunity to study the architecture of the various German cities through which he passed, with a view to the work on architecture he had long projected. At Saltzburg he was requested by the archbishop to make designs for a new cathedral for that city. Scamozzi furnished the designs, and the cathedral was erected, but not under Scamozzi's personal supervision: it was completed in 1628. His "Architettura Universale," in six books (it was originally intended to have been in ten), appeared in the early part of 1616. Scamozzi only lived to see it published, dying on the 7th of August, 1616. Scamozzi enjoyed a great reputation in his own day as an architect, and his reputation still survives. His works are characterized by much simplicity and dignity, but they want the originality, vigour, and attractiveness of those of his great predecessors.—J. T—e.
SCANDERBEG, the popular name of George Castriot, an Albanian prince, who in the fifteenth century long arrested the progress of the Ottoman, and obliged the mighty Amurath II. to raise the siege of the little Epirote city of Croia. He was the youngest son of John Castriot, a prince of Epirus, and was sent with his brother as a hostage to the Ottoman court on occasion of the first successful irruption of the Turks into Epirus in 1423. Trained in the moslem faith, and as a subject of the sultan, his warlike qualities attracted the notice of Amurath, who raised him to the rank of sanjak, with the name of Iscanderbeg, or Lord Alexander. He fought under the Turkish banner both in Europe and Asia; and after the first defeat of the Ottoman forces in 1443, he extorted from the reis-effendi or chief secretary of the empire an order to the governor of Croia, the chief city of Albania, to surrender the place into his hands as his successor. Having obtained possession of the city of his forefathers, he renounced moslemism and his allegiance to the sultan, put the Turkish garrison to the sword, and declared himself the champion of his country and the determined foe of the Ottoman power. A general revolt ensued throughout Albania, and Scanderbeg was elected general of the states of Epirus. He effectually resisted the pashas who were sent against him; and when Amurath in person led a large army to Croia in 1450, he was compelled by the gallant mountaineers to retire with very considerable loss. The death of Amurath, which occurred at Adrianople in 1451, is supposed to have been hastened by the mortification he felt at the successful rebellion of the Epirote prince. On the other hand, the total defeat of the christians at Cassova in 1447 might possibly have been averted, had Hunniades their commander been content to await the arrival of some Albanian succours, which Scanderbeg had promised to bring him. When Mohammed II., after taking Constantinople, overran Greece and Servia, Albania still remained unsubdued, and Scanderbeg was the great sultan's most formidable enemy. Dread of the Epirote hero deterred Mohammed from immediately destroying the shadow of a Greek empire established by Comnenus at Trebizond. In 1461 a treaty of peace was made between the sultan and Scanderbeg, the latter refusing to send his son as a hostage to Constantinople, for which Mohammed stipulated. In 1463 the Venetians declared war against the Turks, and with the aid of the pope instigated Scanderbeg to renew hostilities. Mohammed immediately sent one of his favourite generals, with a chosen army of fourteen thousand men, into Albania. They were completely routed at Okri, the Lychnidus of the ancients. Two equally important triumphs over Balaban, another Turkish general, followed, and Scanderbeg marched against the Albanian renegade Sakub, who, at the head of sixteen thousand men, was overthrown on the banks of the little river Argilata, and killed by Scanderbeg's own hand. At length Mohammed himself at the head of one hundred thousand men advanced towards Croia; but by the most heroic efforts Scanderbeg and his devoted followers defeated this vast army. The gallant prince did not long survive this great achievement; but, overcome at length by the superior power of the Turks, he died a fugitive at Alessio, the ancient Lyssus, January 14, 1467, in the sixty-third year of his age, having been for more than a quarter of a century the principal obstacle to the unlimited extension of the Turkish power.—R. H.
SCAPULA, John, the compiler of the well-known Greek lexicon which bears his name, was probably a native of Lausanne. Neither the date of his birth nor that of his death is known. He was employed at Paris in the printing-office of Henry Stephens when that eminent scholar published his Thesaurus Linguæ Græcæ. This enormous work, extending to five folio volumes, on the production of which its author had expended much time and all his money, required to be sold at a high price. Without leave obtained, and without any acknowledgment of the fact, Scapula published an abridgment of the Thesaurus at Basle in 1579, entitled Lexicon Græco-Latinum. The comparatively cheap price of the Lexicon ruined the circulation of the Thesaurus, and Stephens became in consequence bankrupt. The statement that the Lexicon was published as soon as the Thesaurus, is inaccurate; it did not appear till seven years later, the first edition of Stephens' work having been published in 1572.—D. W. R.
SCARAMUCCIA, Luigi, called also il Perugino, from his birthplace, was born at Perugia in 1616, studied under Guido at Bologna, became his successful imitator, and died at Milan in 1680. In all the above cities there are works by Scaramuccia. There are also some etchings by him, and in 1674 he published at Pavia a treatise on his art, which is still a book of considerable interest; it is entitled "The Beauties of Italian Pencils," or "Le Finezze de' Pinelli Italiani, ammirate e Studiate da Girupeno," the nom de plume being an anagram of his agnomen of Perugino.—(Pascoli, Vite del Pittori, &c.)—R. N. W.
SCARBOROUGH, Sir Charles, M.D., was born in London. He was educated at Caius college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen a fellow. In 1639 he took the degree of M.A., and then applied himself to the study of medicine and mathematics. In the civil war he sided with the royal cause, and was deprived of his fellowship. He left Cambridge in consequence, and went to Merton college, Oxford, at that time presided over by Harvey. He obtained the friendship of Harvey, and assisted him in preparing his work on Generation. In 1646 he was created doctor of medicine at Oxford, and in 1660 was incorporated on his doctor's degree at Cambridge. After obtaining his degree at Oxford he removed to London, and in 1650 was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians. He lectured on anatomy at Surgeons' hall, and was appointed first physician to Charles II., by whom he was knighted in 1669. Sir Charles was also physician to James II. and to William III. He retained the friendship of Harvey during the whole of the life of the latter, and in his will Harvey leaves him his velvet gown and "little silver Instruments of surgerie." He died 26th February, 1693. He was the author of "Syllabus Musculorum," "A Treatise upon Trigonometry," "A Compendium of Lily's Grammar," and an elegy on Cowley. After his death his son published from his father's MSS. an English translation of Euclid.—F. C. W.
SCARLATTI, Alessandro, at once the founder of the family of that name, and of the Neapolitan school of music, was born at Trapani in Sicily in 1650, and died at Rome in 1725. The name of his master is unknown; but the reputation of Carissimi, who then flourished at the head of the Roman school, having reached Naples, Scarlatti thought it right to repair to the metropolis of the arts, and to hear the compositions of this master, in order to form his style on so great a model, and to profit by his instruction. He accordingly repaired to Rome, and being the most finished performer on the harp at that time known, he, by the aid of this instrument, contrived to introduce himself to Carissimi. The stratagem succeeded, and the most sincere attachment was the effect. Carissimi, in exchange for the delightful airs composed and performed by Scarlatti, revealed to him the secrets of his art. Scarlatti augmented these acquirements by the learning and experience offered by travel. Instead of returning to Naples, he visited the theatres and masters of Bologna, Florence, and Venice, at which latter city he analyzed the principles of the art as he had done at Rome. From thence he proceeded to Vienna, whose rising school promised future greatness to Germany, when it should have been visited and enlightened by the masters of Italy. In this city he made the first essay of his talents for composition, and his theatrical and his sacred works were alike successful. On his return to Naples he halted at Rome, where he composed several operas which were received with transport. Arrived at Naples, and possessed of talents ripened by science and experience, Scarlatti devoted himself entirely to his own country, and applied himself not only to the production of numerous sacred and secular compositions, but also to the regeneration of the Neapolitan school by the best principles, the best regulations, and the most perfect methods of instruction. Alessandro Scarlatti was indisputably one of the greatest masters who have appeared in any age; equally eminent in the art of the higher department of counterpoint and in
