made vice president of the Aulic council; and in the war which broke out that year he commanded a division under General Mack, whom he tried in vain to convince of those errors which led to the disaster of Ulm. In cutting his way with the Archduke Ferdinand through the French lines, he had to defend himself with eighteen hundred men against Murat with a superior force, for a period of eight days, during which he rode a hundred leagues. Attached to the person of the emperor for the remainder of the campaign, he used vain efforts to dissuade him from action at Austerlitz, until Benningsen and the Archduke Charles should arrive with reinforcements. In 1809, at the request of the czar, he was appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg, where he struggled with Caulaincourt for the Russian alliance. The French envoy succeeded in obtaining the dismissal of the Austrian, after the battle of Ratisbon. Schwartzenberg returned home in time to participate in the battle of Wagram. He commanded the reserve at the retreat of Znaym and was made general-in-chief of the cavalry. After the peace of Vienna he was sent as ambassador to Paris, and was most graciously received by Napoleon. One day the conversation turned upon the mode of attacking and defending Paris, a circumstance which subsequent events strangely illustrated. It was on occasion of this embassy that the terrible fire occurred at Schwartzenberg's hotel during the fête given to celebrate the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise, when Pauline, the ambassador's sister-in-law, was burned to death. In 1812 Schwartzenberg commanded the contingent of thirty thousand men, with which Austria was bound by treaty to reinforce the French army; and in the discharge of this difficult duty he conciliated the good opinion of his own sovereign and of Napoleon. At the request of the latter the Emperor Francis made Schwartzenberg field-marshal. A more congenial and patriotic task was laid upon him in 1813 and 1814, when he held the chief command of the allied armies in the battles which were fought at Bautzen and Leipsic. He entered Paris as a conqueror. After the second occupation of Paris, in which he also participated, he returned to Vienna to preside at the Aulic council. In January, 1817, though not more than forty-six years old, he had an apoplectic stroke. He lingered for nearly three years, and died at Leipsic, whither he had gone for medical aid, on the 15th of October, 1819, deeply deplored by his countrymen.—R. H.
SCHWEIGHÆUSER, Johann, a distinguished humanist was born at Strasburg, 26th June, 1742. After completing his education, he devoted himself to the study of oriental languages in Paris, and in 1778 obtained the chair of the Greek and oriental languages in his native town, which in 1824 his old age obliged him to resign. He died 19th January, 1830. He has left a large number of valuable editions, among which we note Appianus, Polybius, Epictetus, Athenæus, and Herodotus.—K. E.
SCHWERIN, Christoph, Count, a Prussian field-marshal, was born in 1684 in Swedish Pomerania, and educated for a military life at the Hague, by an uncle in the Dutch service. He made his first campaign under Marlborough in 1704, and attained the rank of captain in the Dutch army. In 1706 he entered the service of the duke of Mecklenburg, who made him colonel, and sent him on a mission to Charles XII. at Bender. He learnt much in the military art during a year's sojourn with the refugee king, who conversed with him freely. In 1719 he led the little Mecklenburg army of twelve thousand men against thirteen thousand Austrian troops, whom he defeated at Wahlsmuklen. The following year he entered the Prussian service, in which he rose to the highest command. The creation of that army, which some twenty years later performed so many great feats under Frederic II., was mainly due to Schwerin. He commanded under the king at the invasion of Silesia and at the battle of Molwitz, in April, 1741, a battle which but for Schwerin would have been lost. At the beginning of the Seven Years' war, on the 6th of May, 1757, Frederic bade the veteran lead a desperate attack upon the Austrians who stood before Prague. The old man put himself at the head of his regiment on foot, with the flag in his hand, and died in a conflict in which eighteen thousand Prussians were slain.—R. H.
SCINDIAH, the Mahratta family of, was founded between 1720 and 1740 by Ranojee Scindiah, who obtained from his patron, the Mahratta Peishwa Bajee Rao, the sovereignty of a considerable portion of Malwa. Under his son Madajee, the power of the family culminated. He was for a time master of Shah Alum (q.v.), and viceroy of the empire of Delhi; he died in 1794.—He was succeeded by Dowlut Rao Scindiah, whose armies were disciplined by the Frenchman Perron, and it was over them that Lord Lake (q.v.) gained his brilliant victories of 1803. Dowlut Rao learned to respect the strength of England, and died, a powerful prince, in 1827. To benefit England, the present Scindiah in 1862 surrendered a considerable portion of revenue by voluntarily abrogating the duties levied on cotton in transit through his dominions.—F. E.
SCIOPPIUS, SCHOPPIUS, or SCHOPPE, Caspar, a German "humanist" and enemy of philosophy, was born in 1576 at Neumark in the Palatinate. He studied at Heidelberg, then at Altorf, and lastly at Ingolstadt. In 1598 he went to Italy, ingratiated himself with Pope Clement VIII. , and followed him to Rome. Here he attached himself to Cardinal Madrucci, whom he afterwards unblushingly slandered. He abjured protestantism with great pomp, and in return was made a knight of St. Peter, and apostolic count of Claravalla; Scaliger dryly remarking that he had "gone to Rome to lick the plates of the cardinals." When in 1600 the noble Bruno suffered martyrdom at Rome, mainly for asserting the motion of our earth and the plurality of worlds, Scioppius cackled forth his petty exultation in a letter to his friend Rittershausen. He attacked his former co-religionists, the Lutherans, in the most libellous writings, denouncing Charles V. for not having burnt Wittenberg, and Henri IV. for enacting the edict of Nantes. By way of relaxation he wrote an elaborately filthy commentary on the Priapeia, and "Elements of the Stoic Philosophy." He showered upon the Jesuits the most fulsome praises, calling them with more irreverence than good taste the "prætorian cohort of the camp of God." By all these things he gained the affections of Cardinal Bellarmine, and the hearty contempt of the great Sarpi, both of which he richly deserved. Soon he fancied himself slighted by the Jesuits, and denounced them in writings which are at once models of Latinity and of Billingsgate. He died at last in 1649, detested by protestants as an apostate, despised by catholics as a convert of doubtful sincerity and questionable morals, viewed by literary men as "a currish pedant hired to yelp at all who by industry and learning are useful to the public," and loathed by philosophers for his conduct with respect to Bruno. Perhaps no one since the days of Cicero, even if then, ever wrote a Latin style of more finished elegance. To seek in his works for any unclassical expression, would be almost as hopeless a task as to look there for a profound idea or a generous sentiment.—J. W. S.
SCIPIO: In giving a brief account of the illustrious family of the Scipios, our space will not allow us to notice any but its most distinguished members. Belonging to the gens Cornelia, the house of Scipio first becomes conspicuous, from one of its chiefs holding the office of magister equitum, 396 b.c., from which date we find it, during a long period, supplying numerous prætors and consuls for the service of the state. The first whom we shall notice in detail is Publius Cornelius Scipio, who was consul 218 b.c. at the beginning of the second Punic war. Hoping to prevent the menaced expedition of Hannibal into Italy, the consul hastened to Marseilles, but finding on his arrival that he was too late to effect his purpose, sent his army to Spain under command of his brother Cnæus Scipio, returning at once himself to Italy. Landing at Pisa he took command of the forces in Northern Italy, but was defeated and wounded in a skirmish with Hannibal on the Ticinus. His colleague Sempronius soon joined him; and contrary to Scipio's advice, resolved to risk a battle. They were overthrown with great loss on the Trebia, and driven by Hannibal into Placentia. In the following year Scipio was sent as proconsul into Spain, where in conjunction with his brother Cnæus, he prosecuted the war against Carthage for some years with varying success. The two brothers were at length slain in battle 211 b.c. The son of the preceding,
Publius Cornelius Africanus Major, is the most celebrated of his race. Born 234 b.c., he was present with his father at the battle of the Ticinus, 218, and two years later at the great defeat of Cannæ. In 212 his influence was already so great that, although below the legal age, he was elected ædile. In 210, accompanied by his friend Lælius, with whom he maintained a lifelong intimacy, he went as general to Spain. By a masterly operation he took New Carthage, and established his headquarters at Tarragona. By a firm but generous and liberal policy he conciliated the native chiefs, and in 207 he was so entirely victorious over the Carthaginians in the field, that little beyond Cadiz remained in their hands. Landing in Africa he gained the friendship of Massinissa, and tried hard though without ultimate
