and archdeacon of Sudbury. He obtained also a stall in Ely cathedral, and in 1667 was consecrated bishop of Exeter. On the death of Dr. Reynolds in the following year he was translated to the see of Norwich. His works are, "Rationale upon the Book of Common Prayer," published in 1657; "Collection of articles, injunctions, sermons, orders, ordinances," published in 1661. Bishop Sparrow died in May, 1685. As a prelate he was distinguished by his learning and his generosity.—J. E.
SPARTACUS, a Thracian bandit, being taken prisoner, was sold for a slave and purchased by a master of gladiators. Being placed in a gladiatorial school at Capua, 73 b.c., he conspired with some of his companions in misfortune to escape from bondage. Successful thus far, they took refuge on Mount Vesuvius, and were soon joined by large numbers of revolted slaves. At the head of a strong party of desperate men, Spartacus soon overran Campania, Lucania, and Bruttium, and captured most of the cities in those provinces. A servile war ensued, menacing the very existence of Rome, and the slaves were victorious in several battles in southern Italy against regular troops. After a time Spartacus, who probably foresaw that he should be unable permanently to retain his ground in Italy, formed the daring scheme of marching northwards, and crossing the Alps into Gaul. With this view he advanced into Picenum, and gained a decisive victory over a consular army. The captured Romans were compelled, by a refinement of vengeance, to fight as gladiators in presence of the slaves at the funeral games celebrated by Spartacus in honour of his colleague Criscus, who had fallen in battle. The advantages gained by the slaves were, however, neutralized by the jealousies and dissensions so certain to arise among men uncivilized, and of different races. At the head of one hundred thousand men Spartacus now meditated an attack on Rome itself; but thwarted in this design by his troops, he was obliged to fall back to the south. He established his head-quarters at Thurii, whither the slaves brought vast stores of plundered wealth from all parts of Italy. After several sanguinary battles, however, Spartacus was finally shut up in Rhegium by the consul Licinius Crassus. Despairing of success in Italy, he now wished to cross into Sicily, and made an agreement with the pirates of Cilicia, who then held command of the sea, to transport his troops over the straits of Messina. The pirates, however, equally faithless and impolitic, betrayed their promise, and Spartacus at length cut his way with heavy loss out of Rhegium, through the beleaguering army. Crassus, however, soon after, eager to finish the war before Pompey and Lucullus who had been summoned to his aid could arrive from abroad, forced on a decisive action, in which the slaves were cut to pieces, and Spartacus himself perished. Many thousands who fell alive into the hands of the Romans were crucified, and the revolt was extinguished with merciless severity. In contrast to this, it should be mentioned, to the honour of Spartacus, that three thousand prisoners were found uninjured in his camp after the battle. His name, like that of Hannibal, long continued to be a word of terror to the Roman people.—G.
SPARTIANUS, Lucius Ælius, the earliest of the six authors who composed what is known as the Augustan history, flourished about the close of the third century after Christ. He is said to have been a freedman of the Emperor Dioclesian, and he lived into the reign of Constantine. By some he has been identified with his fellow-historian Ælius Lampridius, but this is probably an error. Those of the Augustan biographies ascribed to Spartianus in the best editions are Hadrian, L. Verus, Didius Julianus, Severus, Niger, Caracalla, and Geta. Like the other authors of the Augustan history Spartianus possesses very little merit. His style is bad, and he is extremely confused, inaccurate, and ill-informed. The best editions are those of Salmasius, Paris, 1620, and Schrevelius, Leyden, 1671.—G.
SPECKTER, Erwin, a clever German painter, born at Hamburg in 1806. He found a valuable patron in the distinguished writer and antiquary, C. F. von Rumohr, who endeavoured to guide Speckter's studies in the province of the sentimental; and at first his young protegé devoted himself to the old mediæval art, and was a devoted admirer of the talent of Overbeck. After some efforts in portraiture and lithography in the North, Speckter joined the school of Cornelius at Munich, in 1825, and for some time adhered to his conventional sentimental art, though he was really working against his own nature. The restraint he had been under, from circumstances and education, at last gave way amidst the art-wonders of Rome, where he arrived in 1831. In 1834 he returned home with his taste utterly revolutionized; and he henceforth, during his short life, devoted all his energies to ornamental works from heathen mythology, as illustrated in the incomplete frescoes of the villa of Dr. Abendroth, near Hamburg. He died on the 23d of November, 1835, universally regretted by his friends. See his letters, published in 1846, with an account of him by Rumohr.—(Briefe éines Deutschen Künstlers aus Italien, 2 vols., Leipsic.)—R. N. W.
SPEED, John, chronicler and geographer, born at Farrington in Cheshire, about 1545, was early in life apprenticed to a London tailor, and became a freeman of the Merchant Tailors' Company. Displaying a taste for and considerable knowledge of the history, antiquities, and geography of his country, it is said that he attracted the notice of Fulke Greville (Lord Brooke)—who, according to a recent biographer of Speed's, was his customer for clothes—and that he was taken from the shop-board by that nobleman, who gave him an allowance enabling him to devote himself to his favourite pursuits. So late, however, as 1608 he is described in the register of St. Bennet Fink as "Merchant Tailor," and this is two years after the alleged first appearance, in 1606, of the maps of Great Britain and Ireland, which he afterwards, as early as 1611 at least, collected and published as "The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain." The performance by which he is chiefly known is his "History of Great Britain," from the invasion by Julius Cæsar to the reign of James I., a work in which he greatly improved upon preceding chronicles, and which is illustrated with engravings of coins, medals, &c., from the Cotton collection. Such men as Cotton and Selden assisted Speed in this work, and allowed him the use of their MS. collections. He died in July, 1629, and was buried in St. Giles', Cripplegate, the resting-place of John Milton. "I guess," says Aubrey, speaking of Milton, "Jo Speed and he lie together." The scriptural genealogies prefixed to the first edition of the authorized version of the Bible, and to many subsequent editions, were the work of Speed.—F. E.
SPEKE, John Hanning, a successful African explorer and discoverer, was born in 1827. He left England at the age of seventeen as an officer in the Indian army, and in Hindostan was engaged in four general actions under Sir Colin Campbell, late Lord Clyde. After the annexation of the Punjaub, Lieutenant Speke explored, simply from a love of knowledge and adventure, the Himalayas, their geography, and fauna. In 1854, with three years' furlough, he started, at his own expense, to explore central Africa. Arriving at Aden, he was associated with the well-known traveller Captain Burton in exploring the Somali country, and on their return to Berbera, Speke was captured and wounded in an attack made on the travellers by the Somalis, escaping almost by miracle. The two explorers, returning to Aden, obtained employment in the Turkish contingent during the Crimean war, and at its close resolved to explore the Terra incognita of east central Africa. At the end of December, 1856, Burton and Speke reached Zanzibar, and in the June of the following year, they began the expedition into the interior which proved so fruitful of results. In the early part of the journey, Speke, as surveyor of the expedition, was subordinate to Burton. On the 10th of February, 1856, they sighted the great Tanganyika lake, three hundred miles long, thirty to forty broad, lying in lat. 3° 8´´, long. 29° 30´. Some time after this lake had been explored for the first time by Europeans, Speke started on an expedition of his own, 9th July, 1858, and on the 3rd of August discovered the great inland sea, which, combining the native name with that of her majesty, he designated Victoria Nyanza, long. 32° 47´´, southern end; lat. 2° 30´´ S. An account of these expeditions was communicated by Lieutenant Speke to Blackwood's Magazine in 1859. After his return to England, Speke was commissioned by the Royal Geographical Society, aided by a liberal grant from the government, to return to Africa, to explore the lake Victoria Nyanza, and determine, if possible, the truth of his supposition, that in that inland sea were to be found the sources of the Nile; but while out shooting (15th September, 1864) he was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun.—F. E.
SPELMAN, Edward, an English scholar, great-grandson of Sir Henry Spelman, resided at High house near Rougham, Norfolk, where he died in 1767. He was the author of a translation of Xenophon's Cyropædia in two volumes, 1740; of the Roman antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis in four volumes, which latter took very high rank as a translation. To one of the dissertations—that of Polybius on government—Spelman wrote a
