a masterpiece of legal and genealogical learning. The countess, who was born in 1766, was married in 1785 to George Granville Leveson Gower, who, on the death of his father in 1803, became second marquis of Stafford, and was, in 1833, created Duke of Sutherland. The Gowers were an ancient and influential family, seated in Yorkshire from the time of the Conquest. They took a prominent part in the wars of the Roses, in the various contests with Scotland, and in the great civil war, and were elevated to the peerage in 1702. The first marquis of Stafford was a distinguished statesman, and figured in the political contests of the reign of George III. He filled successively the offices of lord privy seal, lord chamberlain, and lord president of the council, was installed knight of the garter, and created a marquis in 1786. His son, the first duke, was appointed ambassador to France in 1790, but was recalled in 1792, after the violent excesses of the revolutionary party, and the imprisonment of the royal family. His grace died in 1833, and the duchess-countess in 1839. Their elder son, George Granville Leveson Gower, second duke, born in 1786, was a leading member of the whig party. His duchess, a daughter of the earl of Carlisle, long held the office of mistress of the robes to the queen. Her grace is not more remarkable for her beauty and accomplishments and her great good fortune in her domestic relations, than for her benevolence, the deep interest she has taken in various philanthropic movements, and her graceful performance of her social duties. The duke died in 1861. His son and successor, the present duke, married the heiress of the old family of Hay-Mackenzie of Cromarty, in whose favour the forfeited peerage of the earldom of Cromarty has recently been revived, with remainder to her second son. The right of carrying the sceptre before the king belongs to the Sutherland family.—Francis, second son of the first duke of Sutherland, inherited through his grandmother the celebrated Bridgewater estates and magnificent gallery of paintings. (See Ellesmere.)—J. T.
SUTHERLAND, James, a Scotch horticulturist and botanist, lived towards the end of the seventeenth century. In 1670 he was appointed by Balfour and Sibbald, curator of the Edinburgh botanic garden. He was a successful cultivator, and in 1683 the garden contained three thousand species of plants, arranged according to Morison's method. He published an account of the garden under the title, "Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis." He lectured on botany in the garden, and in 1676 he was elected professor of botany by the town council. He continued in office for thirty years, and in 1706 was succeeded by Charles Preston. The chair of botany appears to have been the first medical professorship in the university of Edinburgh.—J. H. B.
SUTTON, Sir Richard, co-founder with Dr. William Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, of Brazennose college, Oxford, was descended from an ancient family in Cheshire, and was the younger son of Sir William Sutton of Sutton, near Macclesfield. He practised as a barrister of the Inner temple with considerable success, and became steward of the monastery of Sion, near Brentford in Middlesex. He was employed in 1512 in purchasing certain lands in Berkshire for Mrs. Morley, who conferred them on Brazennose college, and this seems to have excited a desire in his own breast to promote its establishment. He received the honour of knighthood in 1522, and died about two years after. The estates which he gave to Brazennose were, the manor of Borowe, and other lands in the parish of Somerby, Leicestershire; an estate in the parish of St. Mary, Strand, London, since exchanged for land at Stamford; the manor of Cropredy, Oxfordshire, and an estate at North Ockington, Essex. "An active coadjutor," says his biographer, "from the first to the bishop of Lincoln in laying the foundation of Brazennose college, he completed the building, revised the laws, and doubled the revenues of the growing seminary, leaving it a perpetual monument of the consolidated wisdom and joint munificence of Smyth and Sutton."—F.
SUTTON, Thomas, founder of the Charter-house school and hospital, was born at Knayth, in the county of Lincoln, of worthy and honest parentage, in 1532. He is said to have been educated at Eton school and at Cambridge, but at which college in the university is uncertain. He afterwards entered himself as student of Lincoln's inn, but soon abandoned the law, and then travelled in Holland, Spain, and Italy. At thirty years of age he came into possession of his share of his father's property, and was employed by the duke of Norfolk, and subsequently by the earl of Warwick and earl of Leicester, in a secretarial capacity. In 1569 the earl of Warwick, then master-general of the ordnance, appointed Sutton master of the ordnance at Berwick, in which important post he so distinguished himself that he was raised to the office of master-general of the ordnance in the north for life. In this capacity he took an active part in the suppression of the rebellion instigated by the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and in 1573 accompanied the expedition which marched into Scotland to assist the earl of Morton, the regent, in reducing the fortresses which still held out for Mary Queen of Scots. About this period Sutton purchased of the bishop of Durham the lease of some land near Gateshead and Wickham, where he discovered and worked some coal mines to such advantage that he eventually accumulated £50,000, and thus laid the basis of his large fortune. In 1582 he married a rich widow residing on her own estate at Stoke Newington, and he afterwards commenced business as a merchant on the banks of the Thames, near Queenhithe, ranking among the very first of his profession. When the design of the Spanish armada was discovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, Sutton's monetary operations were so large that he was enabled to take a prominent part in draining the bank of Genoa, so as to impede Philip's supplies until England could prepare for her defence. Sutton became about this time chief victualler of the navy, commissioner of prizes under Lord Charles Howard, and high-admiral, and amassed an enormous fortune. In 1590 his step-daughter was married to Francis, son and heir of the Lord-chief-justice Popham; and Sutton then decided, as he was unlikely to have any children of his own, to withdraw entirely from business, and to retire to live on his estates, of which he possessed several. In 1594 he surrendered his patent as master-general of ordnance in the north, and gave up his large house at Broken wharf, Queenhithe. He then conveyed in trust all his estates in Essex to found an hospital at Hallingbury Bouchers in that county, but with a power of revocation during life, which he actually put in force when he determined upon purchasing the more suitable estate of the Charter-house. His wife's death in 1602, after they had been married twenty years, appears to have affected him considerably, and to have quickened his charitable intentions. Fuller says that, "Mr. Sutton used often to repair into a private garden, where he poured forth his prayers to God, and was frequently overheard to use this expression, 'Lord thou hast given me a large and liberal estate, give me also a heart to make use thereof.'" His vast fortune gave rise to many intrigues among persons who desired to benefit from it. Sir John Harrington, it was said, attempted to persuade King James to make Sutton a baron, in the hope that he might thus be induced to bequeath his estate to the duke of York, afterwards Charles I.; but Sutton having heard of the proposal, instantly repudiated the notion of such an offer being acceptable to him, and intimated his hope that he should be permitted to dispose of his property with the same freedom as the rest of his fellow-subjects enjoyed. In 1611 he purchased the estate of the lately dissolved Charter-house, near Smithfield, for £13,000, and obtained letters patent from King James, dated 22nd June in that year, giving him leave to found his hospital there. Sutton subsequently endowed the Charterhouse with the bulk of his property. He intended to have completed the foundation in his lifetime, and to have been himself its first master; but he was attacked by fever, and died, after executing a deed of gift of his estates to the governors, on the 12th of December, 1611. Soon after his death, Sutton's nephew, Simon Baxter, to whom he had left an estate worth £10,000, which he soon squandered, attempted to set aside his uncle's will. Sir Francis (afterwards Lord) Bacon, then solicitor-general, drew upon himself great odium by assisting Baxter. The will was declared "sufficient, good, and effectual."—F.
* SUTZOS: two brothers distinguished in the history of modern Greece, as much by their ardent political feelings as by their literary genius:—Alexander was born at Constantinople in 1802, and educated first at Chio. On the death of his father he and his brothers were adopted by an uncle who was hospodar of Wallachia, and were sent by him in 1820 to Paris to complete their education. The revolutionary movement of Ypsilanti in 1821, in which Michael Sutzos, hospodar of Moldavia, played a double part, excited the enthusiasm of the young men; and Demetrius, an elder brother of Alexander, fell fighting the Turks at Dragatsan. Alexander also took part in the war, and in 1826 exhibited the trenchant qualities of his pen in five satires directed against the government. When peace was made he again visited Paris in 1829, and there wrote in excellent
